Incentives to the Energy Production from Renewable Sources
7. European Incentives to Energy project
Energy subsidies are widespread and diverse, varying greatly in size and type among fuels, end- use sectors and countries. They also fluctuate over time. Putting a monetary value on some types of subsidies can be extremely difficult. The impact of a particular government intervention on production cost or price has to be differentiated from the effects of all other factors that influence costs and prices. In addition, reliable data on actual selling prices are not always available. Estimates of the size of subsidies in a given country and to a given fuel depend heavily, therefore, on the definitions and methodologies used and the time period considered. Big differences in definitions can make comparisons of individual studies of the impact of energy subsidies in specific countries or regions difficult and complicate discussions of issues relating to subsidies and their reform. Most studies attempt to measure specific types of subsidy, or use approaches that capture only some of the effects of subsidies. 225 Systems based only on tax incentives are applied in Malta and Finland. In most cases e.g. Cyprus, UK and the Czech Republic, however, this instrument is used as an additional policy tool. 226 Financial instruments include economic incentives to promote energy efficiency, as well as fiscal measures. Financial incentives aimed at encouraging investment in energy efficient equipment and processes by reducing the investment cost, either directly economic incentives or indirectly fiscal incentives. 222 Gianfranco Puopol;,Incentives to the Energy Production from Renewable Sources;p.3;2001 223 Ca rol Ní Ghiollarnáth, Corporate Income Tax Incentives for Renewable Energy Generation: Has the Double Dividend Gone Astray? 224 Trends to 2030 Update 2007; European Commission Directorate General for Energy and Transport;p.21. 225 Trevor Morgan; ENERGY SUBSIDIES: Their Magnitude, How they Affect Energy Investment and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Prospects for Reform; Menecon Consulting; p.7;2007 226 The support of electricity from renewable energy sources; Commission of the European Commodities; p.5; 2005. 1310 7.1. Economic Incentives Economic incentives fall into two broad categories: investment subsidies and soft loans. In most of the European countries, the economic incentives are related to energy or environment funds with financing mechanisms that tend to depend increasingly upon the banking system rather than coming from the public budget. The main objective of subsidies is to reduce the investment cost for investor and -consumers. Subsidies can be defined as a fixed amount, as a percentage of the investment, or as a sum proportional to the amount of energy saved. Subsidies may also be given to equipment producers to encourage the development and marketing of energy efficient equipment. Subsidies schemes often attracted consumers who would have carried out the investments even without the incentive, the so-called free riders .Consumers who could use the subsidies and were targets of the scheme did not take advantage of them because they were unaware of their existence. This demonstrates the challenges of informing a multitude of consumers adequately about the existence of the incentives. Finally, subsidy schemes may have a negative impact on the market by leading to an increase in the cost of equipment and to the deployment of equipment with a poor quality. They are also restricted to certain types of investments, with a long payback time but high efficiency gains or to innovative technologies. Soft loans are offered at subsidized interest rates to consumers who invest in energy efficient technologies and equipment. Soft loans have the advantage of being easily implemented by banking institutions. Nevertheless, due to the current low level of interest rates, such measures are often not attractive to industrial companies. In some cases they are given directly to installers, which seem to be a promising approach in others, if well managed. This removes one important barrier, which is the access of consumers to information as the installers may have a commercial approach to promote energy efficiency. 7.2. Fiscal Incentives Fiscal incentives include measures to reduce the tax paid by consumers who invest in energy efficiency. They comprise accelerated depreciation, tax credits and tax deductions. Recently, tax reductions on energy efficient equipment or on energy efficiency investments reduction in VAT rate have been introduced in many countries. Tax credits and accelerated depreciation are considered better than subsidies, as they are less costly. They can work well if the tax collection rate is sufficiently high. They usually have a poor performance in an economy in recession or in transition. In European countries, tax reduction also exits for clean and efficient cars. Tax concessions for companies that make concrete commitments to energy efficiency gains CO 2 reduction and meet their target are also another innovative way to promote investment in energy efficiency and CO2 reduction. A total of 2.3 billion Euros worth of EU grant funds have been allocated to Turkey to support the country‘s harmonization process until β010 within the framework of the Instrument for Pre- Accession Assistance. The EU wants to facilitate Turkey‘s preparation for EU membership by funding projects. The EU has allocated approximately 1 billion euros of grant funds to Turkey since β004. All projects and grant funds had a single objective ―preparation for EU membership. This is important for two reasons: The first is to help Turkey, as a whole, to reach the economic standards of the EU. And the second is also to try to decrease gaps within Turkey.‖ Power demand in Turkey is growing faster than anywhere else in the world but China, according to Hilmi Güler, the country‘s energy minister. He estimates that the electricity sector alone willParts
» ANNUAL ASIAN ACADEMIC ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
» Accounting Education Behavioral Issues in Accounting
» Earnings Management ANNUAL ASIAN ACADEMIC ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
» Capital Markets Corporate Governance Accounting Education
» Management Accounting ANNUAL ASIAN ACADEMIC ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
» Earnings Management Capital Markets Corporate Governance
» Financial Reporting Management Accounting
» Capital Markets ANNUAL ASIAN ACADEMIC ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
» Corporate Governance Financial Reporting Islamic Accounting, Banking and Finance
» Corporate Finance ANNUAL ASIAN ACADEMIC ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
» Capital Markets Corporate Governance Financial Reporting
» Financial Reporting Auditing ANNUAL ASIAN ACADEMIC ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
» Social and Environmental Accounting
» International Accounting Financial Reporting
» No Session 7.5 International Accounting
» Behavioral Issues in Accounting Room 2 Earnings Management
» PM – 14:30 PM Research Forum
» Capital Markets Room 4 Earnings Management Room 3
» Corporate Governance Room 5 Research Forum
» Islamic Accounting, Banking and Finance Corporate Governance
» Islamic Accounting, Banking and Finance
» PM – 16:00 PM Research Forum
» Rationalizing Accounting Equation PM – 16:30 PM
» Recording transactions PM – 16:30 PM
» Understanding the Rules of Debit and Credit
» Understanding types of business transactions
» INCLUDING MEASUREMENT ISSUES IN ACCOUNTING COURSES
» Introduction Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Literature review. Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Findings and discussion Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» BRT = 1 Behavioral Issues in Accounting
» Overview of the Income Tax System and Compliance Levels in New
» Tax fairness perceptions Literature Review and Hypotheses Development
» Tax compliance Literature Review and Hypotheses Development
» Tax knowledge Literature Review and Hypotheses Development
» Tax complexity Literature Review and Hypotheses Development
» Proposed Model Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Data collection and Sampling
» Results Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Discussion Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Earnings Management Conclusion, Limitations and Future Research
» Real Earnings Management Conclusion, Limitations and Future Research
» Earnings Management across Incentives‟ Brackets
» Classification of earnings management
» Empirical model Conclusion, Limitations and Future Research
» Data Collection Conclusion, Limitations and Future Research
» Multivariate results .1 Test of hypothesis 1
» Capital Markets Conclusion, Limitations and Future Research
» Theory and Hypothesis Development Association between Earnings Shocks and Stock Return
» Research Methods Data and Sample
» Prior studies Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Market reactions to the announcement of mergers
» Merger effects on financial performance
» Results of examining financial performances
» Results of examining the relation between market reactions and performance changes
» Conclusion Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Motivation and the Hypotheses
» Previous Studies on PIN and Interim Reports
» PIN Model Used Our Research Design 1 New Quarterly Reporting Regulations in Japan
» Definition of the Variables Used and the PIN Estimates
» Literature review Corporate Governance
» Data and Methodology Corporate Governance
» Results and discussions Corporate Governance
» METHODOLOGY Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» CORRELATION ANALYSIS RESULTS 1 DESCRPTIVE STATISTICS
» ADDITIONAL ANALYSES RESULTS 1 DESCRPTIVE STATISTICS
» CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
» Management Accounting Now What?
» CHANGING COMPANY ENVIRONMENT AND COST MANAGEMENT
» PROJECTION-BASED COST MANAGEMENT Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» THE PURPOSE, SCOPE AND CONSTRAINTS OF THE STUDY
» EVALUATION OF RESEARCH EVIDENCE
» Theoretical Background and Hypothesis
» Regression Model Data and Methodology
» Measurement of Auditor Quality
» Measurement of Earnings Management EM
» Measurement of Management Demography
» Control Variables Data and Methodology
» Distribution Analysis and Two-sample T-test Comparison
» Regression Analysis Empirical Results
» Related Literature and Hypotheses
» Research Method Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Statistical Analyses and Results
» Earnings Management REPORTING COMPREHENSIVE INCOME AND MANAGERIAL
» The Relation between Other Comprehensive Income and Net Income
» Samples and Research Hypothesis
» Background and Hypothesis Development
» Sample Selection and Research Methods
» The Trend of Corporate Name Change
» Empirical results Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Earnings Management Literature Review
» Real Activities Manipulation Literature Review
» Real Earnings Management Technique
» Future Operating Performance Literature Review
» Prior Research Literature Review
» Hypotheses Development Literature Review
» Research Model t+y t t t t t t
» Variable Definition .1 Dependent Variable
» Sample Selection Data Collection Methods
» Hypothesies 1 Results Table 4.3 Analysis
» Capital Markets LIFE AFTER IPO:
» Introduction An Initial Public Offering IPO is commonly perceived as one of the most
» Data Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» How Do Indonesian Firms Use Their IPO Raised Funds?
» Concluding Remarks Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Research Design and Hypothesis Development
» Result and Discussion Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Literature Reviews and Hypotheses Development Information, Volatility and Trading Period
» Corporate Governance Research Method X.
» Predictors: Leverage ratio, EPS, stock return, log total no of employee and log total sales
» Discussions in the U.S. and the IASC
» Accounting for leases in Japan
» Methodology of analysis Introduction
» Research design and methodology
» Discussion of findings Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Limitations Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Earnings Management Implications for further research
» Related literature Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Descriptive statistics and Correlation
» Hypotheses Analysis .1 Hypotheses and Samples description
» Capital Markets Hypotheses and Samples description
» DISCUSSION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
» Model Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Manager‟s investment Equilibrium analysis
» MORNINGSTAR STAR-RATING SYSTEM Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» MORNINGSTAR STAR-RATING SYSTEM CALCULATION PROCEDURES
» STUDY FRAMEWORK Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» P3LKE Index Results and Discussion
» Factors Influencing Disclosure Index
» Determinants of the Voluntary Filers of XBRL 1. Financial Incentives
» T-test and correlation Analysis
» Logistic Analysis: main factors in adopting XBRL voluntarily
» Regression Analysis: earnings quality of voluntary XBRL filers
» Respondents’ Background RESEARCH OBJECTIVE RESEARCH METHOD 1
» Demographic Analysis FINDINGS ANALYSIS
» Ownership structure – separation of ownership and control, and information
» Earnings quality and information risk
» Sample profile Methodology 1 Data sources
» Variable definition and measurement .1 Accruals quality
» Descriptive statistics for ownership structure
» Bivariate collenearity of all variables in each sample
» Multivariate analysis Results 1 General descriptive statistics
» Discussion Conclusion Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Developing Energy Project Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» The reduction of carbon emissions in EU
» Incentives to the Energy Production from Renewable Sources
» European Incentives to Energy project
» An Appraisal regional energy resources from the standpoint of Turkish membership to
» Capital Markets The analysis of Turkish investment incentives i. Gini coefficient
» Variable Measurement The analysis of Turkish investment incentives i. Gini coefficient
» Sample The analysis of Turkish investment incentives i. Gini coefficient
» Descriptive Statistic The analysis of Turkish investment incentives i. Gini coefficient
» Analysis of Correlation among Variables
» Regression Analysis The analysis of Turkish investment incentives i. Gini coefficient
» REGULATORY BACKGROUND Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT
» Empirical Model RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
» Empirical Results EMPIRICAL RESULTS 1 Descriptive Statistics
» The Nature and Type of Related Party Transaction RPT
» Regulation and Disclosure Requirement for RPT in Indonesia
» RPT that benefiting Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Research Hypotheses Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Methodology and Data Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Transparency of Ownership OWN_TRAN Concentration of Ownership OWN_CONC
» Does the company report basic earnings forecast of any kind in detail? 1
» Accounting Policy Review FIN_ACPR
» Signalling Theory Executive Compensation and Evaluation EXE_EVAL
» Hypothesis Development Executive Compensation and Evaluation EXE_EVAL
» Waqf studies as the key driver towards awqaf revitalization
» The development of research on waqf accounting
» The manifestation of waqf accountability
» Stakeholder salience and its application to waqf stakeholders
» The combination of Hayes accountability and MAW model
» Determinants of Stock Market Reaction toward Mandatory CSR Rules Size
» Profitability Hypotheses Development 1 Mandatory CSR Rule and Stock Market Reaction
» Leverage Hypotheses Development 1 Mandatory CSR Rule and Stock Market Reaction
» Empirical Results .1 Mandatory CSR Rule and Stock Market Reaction
» Prior review Prior Review and Theoretical Framework
» Research Framework Hypotheses Development
» Korean context Hypotheses Development
» Hypothesis Development Hypotheses Development
» Theoretical Background and Development of Hypothesis
» Results and Discussion Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Corporate Governance Conclusion and Limitation
» Theoretical Framework: Management Control Systems MCS as a package
» Value-based performance measures METHODOLOGY
» Corporate Governance within the emerging markets
» The Relevance of Financial Ratio Disclosure
» RESEARCH DESIGN Theoretical Background and Hypotheses Development
» Implications and Conclusion Multivariate Analysis
» RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» BALANCE SHEET DISCLOSURE LEVEL
» LAK DISCLOSURE LEVEL RESULT AND REVIEW
» LRA DISCLOSURE LEVEL RESULT AND REVIEW
» CaLK DISCLOSURE LEVEL RESULT AND REVIEW
» OVERALL DISCLOSURE LEVEL RESULT AND REVIEW
» FS DISCLOSURE LEVEL DETERMINANTS
» RECOMMENDATIONS RESULT AND REVIEW
» PRIOR RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT
» EMPRICAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
» SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Hypothetical Backgrounds Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Hypothesis development Hypothesis Methodology
» Methodology .1 Measure of Real activity-based Earnings Management t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1
» t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1 t-1
» t-1 t-1 Hypothesis Methodology
» Regression Model Hypothesis Methodology
» Empirical Results .1 Descriptive statistics
» Additional Analyses Results 1 Sample selection
» Management forecast disclosure in practice
» Information content of management forecast disclosures
» Research Methodology and Data Collection
» How do Thai listed companies disclose their management forecasts?
» Are management forecasts informative?
» Conclusion and Contributions Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Introduction Objective and Motivation of the Paper
» Literature Study and Hypotheses Development Announcements and Return
» Sample and methodology Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Review and Analysis Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» The IASB Update Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» The New Analysis of Equity Theory
» Non monetary: Subject to IAS 38.8 monetary assets are money held and assets to be
» Without physical substance: Sometimes an intangible asset may be contained on or in a
» Control: The provisions of IAS 38 require that the intangible asset is controlled by the firm.
» Future economic benefit: The future economic benefit embodied in an asset is the
» Background --Accounting development towards adoption
» The publication of Interim IFRS Roadmap
» The feature of Japanese accounting
» structure of investigation questionnaire
» Sample selection and collection of responses
» INTRODUCTION Results and analysis
» LITERATURE REVIEW Results and analysis
» METHODOLOGY Results and analysis
» Findings Results and analysis
» Discussions Results and analysis
» THEORETICAL AND HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT
» Sample Selection Investigation on manager‟s opinion on IFRS adoption
» Results and Discussions Model Specification
» Difference between Cost Allocation and Profit Allocation
» Present Value with the Restriction of Cost: [Form 1], [Form 2] and [Form 3]
» Two Significant Boundaries Characterizing Various Forms
» Recent Trend of Present Value
» Present Value from Auditing Perspective
» The Necessity of Flow and Internal Aspects in Japan
» Theory and Hypotheses Development
» Research Design Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Results and Implications Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
» Earnings Conservatism Literature Hypothesis Development
» Conservatism Determinants Hypothesis Development
» Proportion of Independent Non-executive Directors Chairman Duality
» Remuneration Institutional Investors Conclusions and Limitations
» Management Ownership control Chinese-controlled companies.
» Auditor Conclusions and Limitations
» RESEARCH DESIGN 3.1 Measurement of variables
» Sample selection and source of data Descriptive Statistics
» Univariate Test Results Conclusions and Limitations
» IMPLICATION, LIMITATION AND CONCLUSION.
» Omnibus Test of Model Coefficients chi-square 25.445 0.008
» Background Classification Results holdout accuracy rates
» Purpose of the Study Contribution of the Study
» Literature Review Classification Results holdout accuracy rates
» Conceptual Framework Model of Dick and Carey design can be found in Appendix 2.
» Type of Study Data and Sampling
» Stages of Research Model of Dick and Carey design can be found in Appendix 2.
» Overview of Information System of Ac counting Department of Airlangga University
» Data Presentation Discussion Model of Dick and Carey design can be found in Appendix 2.
» Designing of E-learning Model
» E-learning Model of Accounting Department of Airlangga University
» Conclusion and Suggestion Model of Dick and Carey design can be found in Appendix 2.
» Implication Model of Dick and Carey design can be found in Appendix 2.
» shareholderenvironmentalists 53.7 and environmentalists 49.7. The of of
» of of users. Environmental decision; no action outcome Type 1 + Type 3 of users.
» of users. Economic decision; no action outcome Type 1 + Type 3 of users.
» MF at May - MF at November MF at May - MF at March a. MF at May - FS at Next May
» Development of Intellectual Capital Reporting
» Research Hypotheses Summative evaluation Learning process evaluation and does it
» Selection of Variables Proceeding E Book 4A Turky
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