1
Full translation
, every part of the source language text is replaced by the target language text material in a translation.
2
Partial translation,
it is a translation in which some part or parts of the source language text are left not translated; they are simply transferred to
and incorporated in the target text. In terms of levels there are also two kinds of translation. They are:
1
Total translation,
in this kind of translation, the source language’s grammar and lexis are replaced by equivalent grammar and lexis of the
target text. 2
Restricted translation,
it is the replacement of source language textual materials by equivalent target language textual materials, at only one level,
i.e., translation is performed only at the phonological or at graphological level, or at only one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
The last category is in terms of ranks. The kinds of translation are: 1
Rank-bound translation.
In this translation, an attempt is made always to select target language equivalent at the same rank.
2
Free translation,
it is always an unbound translation-equivalence shunt up and down the rank scale, but tends to be at the higher ranks.
3
Literal translation,
it lies between the two extremes, the rank-bound, and the free translation, but make changes in conformity with the target
language grammar.
c. Process of Translation
Nida and Taber in Widyamartaya 1985:14 explains that there are three steps of translation; i.e. analyzing, transferring, and restructuring.
1 Analyzing: it is used to identify the target message and contents. It
includes the grammatical and semantic analysis. 2
Transferring: it deals about how analysis result to be transferred from source language into target language with someone applying of meaning
and connotation, but the reaction is equivalent. 3
Restructuring: it is used to make certain in the re-establishing text which had been translated.
Figure 2. Process of Translation by Nida and Taber
Bell 1991:13 distinguishes a „process’ from a „result’. There are three distinguishable meanings of translation, which is
translating, a translation,
and
translation.
1 Translating: it is the process of translation.
2 A translation: it is the product of process.
A Source
B Receptor
Analyzing Restructuring
Transferring X
Y
3 Translation: it is an abstract concept which encompasses both process and
product. From statements mentioned above, process of translation plays an
important role to determine whether the
meaning of the source language text is accurately transferred into the target language text.
d. Meaning
Halliday 1994: xiii says that fundamental components of meaning in language are functional components, which are ideational, interpersonal, and
textual meanings. Then, he further explains ideational meaning is the meaning in the senses of content. It is the representation of the outer and the inner world of
experience. Ideational meaning is then divided into two sub functions. They are experiential meaning which deals with the content or ideas and logical meaning
which deals with the relationship between ideas. Interpersonal meaning is meaning as a form of action. Textual meaning is the putting of referential
information into a coherent whole. Baker 1992:10 also states that translation is primarily concerned with
communicating the overall meaning of a stretch of language. It is the meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant since meaning is a variable
of great importance in a process of translation. Dealing with translation equivalence, Catford 1965:50 states that
translation equivalence occurs when a source language SL and a target language TL text or item are relatable at least some of the same features of substance.