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B. Theoretical Framework
The study deals with designing the appropriate design of the integrated listening and speaking materials based on collaborative learning for nurses in
Panti Rapih Hospital. To answer two problems stated in the problem formulation, I employed the adaptation of Kemp’s instructional design model as the realization
of Educational Research and Development RD method.
1. Identifying Learners’ Characteristics
In this step, I identify the important characteristics of the learners in order to obtained data for specifying the learning objectives. It is important to elaborate
the learner characteristics in order to compose ideal material designs.
2. Determining the Goals, Topics, and General Purposes
I consider the goals of the system, list the topics, and state the general purposes for teaching each topic. The learners’ characteristics are used as the
basic data in formulating the goals and general purposes. The term standard competence
is used to refer to the goals of the whole instruction. Selecting topics were performed after determining the goals so that the topics chosen were
appropriate for the learners. The general purposes are developed after specifying the standard competence. Basic competence is used to refer to the general
purposes of the designed materials. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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3. Specifying Learning Objectives
After determining the general purposes, I specify the learning objectives. It should be done in order to achieve certain students’ measurable performances.
The specified learning objectives are also known as learning indicators. Learning indicators are the performances the students should be able to demonstrate in
order to be categorized as successful in achieving the general purposes.
4. Listing Subject Content
According to Kemp 1977:45, the aim of listing subject content are selection and organizing of the specific knowledge facts and information, skills,
and attitudinal factors of any topic. The objectives of the course and the selected topics are considered in the selection and organization of subject contents.
5. Selecting Teaching Learning Activities and Instructional Resources
I select teachinglearning activities and instructional resources that will treat the subject content so students will accomplish the objectives. I adjust the
materials and methods that support the creation of an effective and efficient teaching learning process Kemp, 1977:55.
6. Coordinating Support Service
