15 h Practice
Closely associated with success and the knowledge of results is need to provide opportunities for students to use their newly acquired knowledge and
skills in many situations. i Rate of presenting material
The rate ad amount of material to be learned at any one time or in any one lesson must be related to the complexity and difficulty of the material in terms of
the abilities of students. j Instructor’s attitude
A positive attitude on the parts of the teacher and any assistant can influence the attitudes of students toward the acceptance of new instructional
procedures. By considering the ten principles of learning process, the designers, the
material developers, or the teachers start to develop the instructional design.
2. English for Specific Purposes
It is needed to know in what subject or field our thesis is made. Hence, I provide some theories related to ESP, the meaning of ESP, the categories, the
material development, the syllabus design and the material development.
a. ESP Definition
According to Hutchinson and Waters 1994, English for specific purpose ESP is an approach to language teaching which aims to meet needs of particular
16 learner. It means that an ESP teacher should make materials depend on what the
students need. Besides the meaning above, Hutchinson and Waters 1994 show what
ESP is not. First, ESP is not a matter of teaching ‘specialised varieties’ of English. Second, ESP is not just a matter of science words and grammar for scientists. The
last one, ESP is not different from any other language teaching that should be based on the principles of effective and efficient learning.
b. ESP Categories
Hutchinson and Waters 1994 wrote that in language teaching, there is a relation between English language teaching ELT and ESP. ESP is one branch of
English as a Foreign Language EFL. Beside ESP, EFL has another branch that is General English GE which is usually studied for exam purposes. However, EFL
is one of the English language teaching ELT branches and the other branches are English as mother tongue EMT and English as a second language ESL. For
making it clear, Hutchinson and Waters 1994: 17 drew the English language teaching ELT diagram bellow.
Figure 2.2 The ELT Diagram Hutchinson and Waters, 1994: 17
ELT EMT
EFL ESL
ESP GE
17 In Hutchinson and Waters’ book titled English for Specific Purposes, they
were explained that ESP itself has some branches; they are English for Science and Technology EST, English for Business and Economics EBE, and English
for Social Science ESS. Hutchinson and Waters 1994 also said that every branch can be divided into two branches called English for academic purposes
EAP and English for occupational purposes EOP. The EAP of EST is English for medical studies EMS and the EOP of EST is English for techniques
E.Tech.. The EAP of EBE is English for economics EE and the EOP of EBE is English for Secretaries ES. The last one is ESS, the EAP of it is for psychology
EP and the EOP of it is English for teaching ET. Hence, there is a diagram that describe about English for specific purposes
that was written by Hutchinson and Waters 1994: 17. From this diagram, you can see the relation between ESP and the branches of ESP.
Figure 2.3 The ESP Diagram Hutchinson and Waters, 1994: 17
c. ESP Material Development
