Definition of Intelligence Intelligence Quotient IQ

and so on. Then, the IQ represent in form of IQ score which gotten by passing a set of test in certain institution. Historically, the concept of Intelligence Quotient was introduced by German psychologist, William Stern who claimed that IQ represented the ratio of a child’s mental age to his or her chronological age. For any chronological age, the a verage IQ was arbitrarily set at 100. Obviously, if a child’s mental age was greater than the chronological age, the child’s IQ would be above 100. If the mental age were lower than the chronological age, the child’s IQ would be below 100. The formula for calculating IQ is: 20 IQ = Mental Age x 100 Chronological age In 1905, the Minister of Public Education in Paris, France asked Alfred Binet to study the mental obstacles of children who had less developed intelligence or to identify who includes into slow learners. 21 Because of that, the term intelligence is beginning to be known. In the book of Sprinthall, et al, Binet discovered the essential of intelligence to judge well, to comprehend well, and to reason well, he admits that a person can be either succeed or fail because of intelligence. Moreover, Binet believed that intelligence was a general attribute that manifested itself in many different spheres of cognitive functioning. This belief led him to construct a test that included many subtasks. He also states that IQ is an estimate of how developed the child was intellectually. 22 It means that IQ may reflect someone progress, from a child until adult, especially in developing hisher intelligence. Briefly, someone’s intelligence can be known as Intelligence Quotient IQ. The IQ is the result of dividing the mental age by chronological age then 20 John M. Darley, Sam Glucksberg, and Ronald A. Kinchla, Psychology, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1986¸ p. 322. 21 Lester M. Sdorow and Cheryl A. Rickabaugh, op. cit., 2002, p.305. 22 Norman A. Sprinthall and Richard C. Sprinthall, Educational Psychology, New York: McGraw Hill Inc., 1994, p. 437. multiplying by number of 100. Then, people need to have a set of test in certain institution in order to get their IQ score.

3. Classification of IQ

As the expl anation before, the result of the IQ test may show someone’s capability or intelligence which cannot be equal each other. The table below describes the descriptive classifications of Intelligence Quotient: 23 Table 2.2 Classification of IQ Classification IQ Near genius or genius 140 and above Very superior 130 – 139 Superior 120 – 129 Above average 110 – 119 Normal or average 90 – 109 Below average 80 – 89 Dull or borderline 70 – 79 Feeble-minded: moron 50 – 69 Imbecile, idiot 49 and below Adopted from Standford-Binet Scale.

4. Types of IQ Test

Based on the implementation side, the IQ test divided into two types, they are individual test and group test. Then, there are some familiar individual tests, as explained below. a The Standford – Binet The Standford – Binet Intelligence Test includes several basic categories of test items. Naturally, the items themselves vary – at age six the child may be asked to add 2 and 3, whereas at age ten he may be asked to add 37, 95, and 18. 23 Lester D. Crow and Alice Crow, Educational Psychology, New York: American Book Company, 1958, p. 156.