Definition of Intelligence Intelligence Quotient IQ
and so on. Then, the IQ represent in form of IQ score which gotten by passing a set of test in certain institution.
Historically, the concept of Intelligence Quotient was introduced by German psychologist, William Stern who claimed that IQ represented the ratio of
a child’s mental age to his or her chronological age. For any chronological age, the a
verage IQ was arbitrarily set at 100. Obviously, if a child’s mental age was greater than the chronological age, the child’s IQ would be above 100. If the
mental age were lower than the chronological age, the child’s IQ would be below
100. The formula for calculating IQ is:
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IQ = Mental Age
x 100 Chronological age
In 1905, the Minister of Public Education in Paris, France asked Alfred Binet to study the mental obstacles of children who had less developed
intelligence or to identify who includes into slow learners.
21
Because of that, the term intelligence is beginning to be known. In the book of Sprinthall, et al, Binet
discovered the essential of intelligence to judge well, to comprehend well, and to reason well, he admits that a person can be either succeed or fail because of
intelligence. Moreover, Binet believed that intelligence was a general attribute that manifested itself in many different spheres of cognitive functioning. This
belief led him to construct a test that included many subtasks. He also states that IQ is an estimate of how developed the child was intellectually.
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It means that IQ may reflect someone progress, from a child until adult, especially in
developing hisher intelligence. Briefly, someone’s intelligence can be known as Intelligence Quotient
IQ. The IQ is the result of dividing the mental age by chronological age then
20
John M. Darley, Sam Glucksberg, and Ronald A. Kinchla, Psychology, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1986¸ p. 322.
21
Lester M. Sdorow and Cheryl A. Rickabaugh, op. cit., 2002, p.305.
22
Norman A. Sprinthall and Richard C. Sprinthall, Educational Psychology, New York: McGraw Hill Inc., 1994, p. 437.
multiplying by number of 100. Then, people need to have a set of test in certain institution in order to get their IQ score.