Theoretical Framework REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

source. The secondary sources consisted of several books which describe the theory of approaches, class, discrimination, and history of Afro-American community. The books are: An American Dilemma; American Civilization; Discrimination; Class, Status, and Power: Social Stratification in Comparative Perspective; Black Americans; Black Protest Thought in the Twentieth Century; Class; and Reading and Writing about Literature. I did some steps in conducting this study. First, I selected the literary work I want to analyse. After reviewing some literary works, I chose Toni Morri son’s Paradise as the primary data of my study. The secondary data were taken from books that were related to the topic. The next step that I did, was reading the novel several times to gain deeper understanding about the story. I also took notes, and highlighted some important information which was done while reading. In taking notes, I wrote some important things that can support this study. It helped me easily analyzing the novel and avoided confusion for my self. After that, I started to think about the topic that I would discuss in my study. Since the first time I thought about the topic, I had an idea to write about discrimination within Afro-American community that was depicted through the story. Finally, I got one topic that, I thought, was the best topic to be discussed. The next step was collecting the references that were related to my study. The references were some books that were available in the library and also other books outside the library. The references consisted of information about literature and the novel. Then, after all the procedure above, I had to concentrate on the problem. Since I studied a historical novel and I wanted to discuss how Toni Morrison depicted discrimination within Afro-American community in her novel, I concentrated on the historical background that happened in 1960s - 1970s. It was important because by knowing the situation that happened at that time through the historical study, I could analyze how Toni Morrison tried to picture the situation that occurred in 1960s - 1970s as depicted in the novel. The way of analyzing this novel was not always smooth. There were several problems that occurred during the process of analysing the novel. The main problem that I faced was that I often found difficulties in finding good references that would really support my study. I knew that if the references I took were not good, they would lead this study to the wrong way. They made the discussion unfocused because of some irrelevant information to the novel. After I finished writing my analysis, I proposed suggestions for future researchers and for the implementation for teaching and learning English using the novel Paradise. I hoped that this thesis would be useful for the person who would learn about literature and also those who have interest in teaching English literature. 40

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

The analysis presented in this chapter focuses on the aspects that support discrimination which happens in an Afro American Community as depicted in Paradise. Before the analysis on the major topic, the social background of the Afro American Community in the United States is presented.

A. Social Background of the Ruby Community

Knowing the social background of an Afro American community in the United States is a must in order to get deeper understanding for analyzing the novel. Ruby is a community that consists of Afro-American Families. They isolate themselves because they are discriminated by white people. Ruby community consists of eight families named after the founder of Ruby. All of the families have their own role in developing Ruby. Most of them are businessmen and also merchants. Ruby builds their own community based on their own rule and agreement. Each of the members has the same right in front of the law. The purity and legal married between its members are strongly maintained. This situation is clearly stated as a law in the United States at that time: a man born a Negro or a White is not allowed to pass from one class to another Myrdal 668. In the following sub division, some characteristics of Afro American Community are explained. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI