Problem Formulation Objective of the Study

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes theories and reviews on related literature that support the analysis of the novel. It consists of the theoretical review, the socio- historical background, and the theoretical framework. The theoretical review consists of critical approach, theory of social class, power and status relations, theory of stratification, and theory of discrimination. The sociocultural-historical background consists of the Afro-American history after the slavery era in 1960s - 1970s, the American class and caste system, Negro community after the slavery, classes in the Negro community, distribution of Afro American people, and Afro- American Church. The theoretical framework will explain how the theories mentioned answer the problem.

A. Theoretical Review

This part contains the literary theory related to the study. The theory is the theory of critical approaches.

1. Critical Approaches

According to Rohrberger and Woods Jr in Reading and Writing about Literature Rohrberger and Woods Jr 3, there are five approaches that can be applied to analyze a work of literature. They are the formalist approach, the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach. The first approach is the formalist approach. It emphasizes on the total integrity of the literary piece. It focuses on its esthetic value and through how meaning is derived from structure and how matters of technique determine structure Rohrberger and Woods Jr 6 The second one is the biographical approach. This is the approach in which we consider the author‟s background to appreciate his work of literature. It insists that a work of art is a reflection of personality; therefore, it is necessary to appreciate the ideas and personality of the author to an understanding of the literary object. The basis of writing the literary work is the knowledge and sources about the author Rohrberger and Woods Jr 8. The third one is the sociocultural-historical approach. It insists that the attitudes and the actions are the “subject matter” of the literature. The critics are required to pay attention to the social environment in which the work of literature is written and to its influence towards the work of literature Rohrberger and Woods Jr 9. The fourth one is the mythopoeic approach. It seeks to discover universally repeated structures are structures that found first expression in ancient myths and folk rites and they are so basic to human thought that they have meaning to all men Rohrberger and Woods Jr 11. The last one is the psychological approach. This approach pays attention to the certain repeated structure but the attention is from the different knowledge‟s PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI