The Concept of Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 The Concept of Conjunctions

Rudyanto 2011:68 said, “ conjunctions are words how to connect one word to other word . Conjunctions have three kinds such as coordinating conjunction, correlative conjunction, and subordinating conjunction.

2.2 Kinds of Conjunctions

There are three kinds of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunction.

2.2.1 Coordinating conjunctions Coordinating Conjunction

Rudyanto 2011:68 said, ”Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main clauses, or sentences.” Example: He plays squash and rugby Andre is small but strong. You have to come on time or I will leave without you. Luke and his younger brother are playing rollerblades on the street. Universitas Sumatera Utara The Functions of Coordinating Conjunctions Pardiyono 2005:37 said, “Coordinating conjunctions work to connect subject, predicate,and object like adjective or noun. Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common of course are and, but, and or. To show contrast, to link with any some choice. The examples below by no means exhaust the possible meanings of these conjunctions: And To suggest that one idea is chronoligicaly sequential to another: They gamble, and they smoke. To suggest that one idea is the result of another: “Zack heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house.” To suggest a kind of “Comment” on the first clause: “ Charlie became addicted to gambling-and that surprised no one who knew him.” To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another Frequently replaced by but in this usage: “Risky is brilliant and Zack has a pleasant personality.” BUT To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause, “Gerry lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably.” To connect two ideas with the meaning of “with the exception of” and then the second word takes over as subject: “ Everybody but Glin trying to out from the house.” To show contrast: “Tavana wants to buy a dictionary but she doesn’t have enough money.” Universitas Sumatera Utara OR To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other. “ You may buy a newspaper or magazine.” To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: “ are you going to the party, or will you stay home?” To suggest a negative condition“ The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim “ Live free or die.” To suggest a restatement or “ correction“ of the first part of the sentence: “ There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide tell us.” To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an important see use orand above YET : “They must approve his political style or they wouldn’t keep electing him mayor.” But and yet show contrast. Yet is sometimes considered a conjunction adverb like however, rather than a coordinate conjunction: “Teddy is vegetarian,Yet she eats chicken.” The Punctuation of Coordinating Conjunctions Two patterns in writing use coordinating conjunction. Add commas when required. Pattern 1 – Connecting two main clauses When you connect two main clauses with a coordinating conjunction, use a comma. The pattern looks like this: Main clause +, coordinating conjunction + main clause Example: While he is at work, her cat Gerry sleeps on the bed, and my mouse eat it cheese. Universitas Sumatera Utara Pattern 2 – connecting two items You can also use a coordinating conjunction to connect any two items. These items can be any grammatical unit except. The pattern looks like this: Item + coordinating conjunction + item Example: My cat Gerry has too many fleas and too much hair.

2.2.2 Correlative conjunctions

Wishon 1980:136 said, “Correlative conjunction may be used to join two basic sentence patterns or two parallel elements of any kind.” Kinds of correlative conjunctions Either…..nor… Example :Either you will go, or I will protest Neither…nor… Example : Thirty years ago, people knew about neither spaceships nor astronauts. Both…and… Example :Both my mother and my sister are like Twilight Not only…but also… Example : She is not only beautiful, but she is also clever. Observe these examples of correlative conjunctions used to join both sentence part and whole sentences. Note the inversion of word order in the last example. Example: Either you will confess, or I will complain. He failed not only chemistry but also physics. Universitas Sumatera Utara Both Erik and Julia are in love with my sister He is neither dependable nor trustworth

2.2.3 Subordinating conjunctions

Rudyanto 2011:68 said, ”A Subordinating Conjunction sometimes called a dependent word or subordinator comes at the beginning of a Subordinate or dependent clause and establishes the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. It also turns the clause into something that depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning.” Common Subordinating Conjunctions after although as as if as long as as though because before even if even though if if only in order that now that once rather than since so that than that though till unless until when whenever where whereas wherever while Subordinating conjunctions can be classified basic their function , such as: Cause or reason sebab, alasan. Such as: as, because, for, since, whereas,wherefor. Examples: Caitlin couldn’t go to work today because her grandmother died I’m sure you will pass the final exam, as you are a clever and diligent student. Universitas Sumatera Utara Comparation Perbandingan Such as : as…..as, as well as,rather…than, than. Examples: Fred is not as tall as his older brother, Justin This bag looks better than that one. Conession mengalah Such as: although, though, even though, however, nevertheless. Examples: He did not defend himself even though people gave many false accusations to him. Damien will never be a famous singer however hard her tries to fulfill his dreams. Condition syarat Such as: if, unless, whether, as if, since. Examples : James is confused whether to study art in Paris or business in London. I will not tell you my secret unless you tell me yours. Manner cara Such as :how, as, as far as, according. Examples: The situation in Japan is still unstable, according to the news. I still can’t believe how Dominic could get here in less than ten minutes. Purpose tujuan, maksud Such as: that, in order to, so that, lest. Examples: Universitas Sumatera Utara Will is taking cooking lessons now so that he can be a chef. John studies very hard in order to b be able to be able to win a scholarship. Time waktu Such as: while, as, as soon as, since, before, after, as longas, whenever, until Examples : I will feel safe as long as you are here with me. Brooklyn will not feel satisfied until she gets what she wants. The Punctuation of Subordinating Conjunctions When you attach a subordinate conjunctions in front of a main clause, use a comma, like this : Subordinate conjunctions + main clause Example: Even though the broccoli was covered in cheddar cheese, Emily refused to eat it. When you attach a subordinate conjunctions at the end a main clause, you will generally use no punctuation, like this : Main clause + subordinate clause Example: Tania did poorly on her history exam because her best friend Giselle insisted on gossiping during their study session the night before. Universitas Sumatera Utara  The Difference Between Coordination and Subordination A coordinating conjunction can join two main clauses that a writer wants to emphasize equally. The pattern for coordination looks like this :main clause + , coordinating conjunction + main clause. Subordination, however, emphasizes the idea in the main clause more than the one in subordinate clause, Generally, the pattern look like this: Main clause + subordinate clause Subordinate clause + main clause Universitas Sumatera Utara 3. THE ANALYSIS In this chapter the writer will analyze the conjunctions which are found in Eleventh Hour novel. The writer finds out that there are three kinds of conjunctions namely: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.

3.1 Coordinating Conjunctions

Rudyanto 2011:68 said, “ coordinating conjuctions also called coordinators are conjunction that join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main clauses, or sentences”.The most common used of coordinating conjunction are and, but, or, and yet. And There are four functions of coordinating conjunction ‘and’. The first one is one idea is chronologically squantial to another. The second is one idea is the result of another. The third is a kind of comment of the first clause. The fourth is one idea is in contrast in another. One idea is chronologically squantial to another Examples: With not single long leg showing, and not a single long red nail He was looking at one of the computer screens, and humming the theme from gone with the wind. No, eight shows were shot last summer, and into early fall. Archbishop Lugano and Bishop Koshlap both stopped and spoke to him, each of them placing his hand on Dane’s shoulder to give comfort, dane supposed He nodded, took another bite of his sandwich, watched her eat one more fry, sigh, and push the plate away. Universitas Sumatera Utara All sentences above show that the using of coordinating conjunction ‘and´is one idea is chronologically squantial to another. One idea is the result of another Examples: His cell phone rang and he excused himself. She started crying and then she hang up. He said, pulled off another paper towel and joined her. “No stay seated for a minute, Dane and we’ll make some plans. All sentences above show that the using of coordinating conjunction ‘and´is the idea is the result of another. One idea is a kind of comment on the first clause. Examples: I’ve thinking there murders in San Francisco-and no tie-in among the victims that anyone can find. She is beautiful, and most important, the camera loves her face. The sentences above show that the using of coordinating conjunction ‘and´is kind of common on the first clause. One idea is in contrast to another Examples: No clear, and present danger to her. The sentences above above show that the using coordinating conjunction ‘and´is the idea is in contrast to another. Universitas Sumatera Utara But There are three functions of coordinating conjunction ‘but’. The first one is a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause. The second is to connect two ideas with the meaning. The third is to show contrast. A contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause Examples: Delion made a grab for her, but missed. I’ll certainly try, but I really don’t know anything. The sentences above show that the using coordinating conjunction ‘but´is the idea a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause. To connect two ideas with the meaning Examples: I took time, so much precious time, but finally Sherlock was right next to Nick. All people but Savich trying to out from the build. I was thinking about letting you have a got at Milton, but he knew you. All sentences above show that the using coordinating conjunction ‘but´is to connect two ideas with the meaning. To show contrast Examples: He was older, but not old. Well, not in all things, but in many. My wife tells me she likes to see me play basketball, but she loves to see me salsa. Universitas Sumatera Utara All sentences above show that the using coordinating conjunction ‘but´is to show contrast. Or There are three function of coordinating conjunction ‘or’. The first is one possibility can be realized. The second is the inclusive combination of alternatives. The third is a negative alternative without the use an important. One possibility can be realized. Examples: No, leave it done or I’ll disappear. There’ll be a photo or a video? Wish there was some popcorn or something. All sentences above show that the using coordinating conjunction ‘or´is one possibility can be realized. The inclusive combination of alternative. Examples: There was planning here, his selection of my brother, or maybe any priest would do. Nick said,”how do they select which episode is played each week? Or are they aired in a specific sequence. All sentences above show that the using coordinating conjunction ‘or´is the inclusive combination of alternative. A negative alternative without the use of an important. Examples: Universitas Sumatera Utara Do you want to stay in the City or go to your sister’s? He wasn’t wearing a hat or anything. You can’t throw the eight ball at her or I’ll have to arrest you. All sentences above show that the using coordinating conjunction ‘or´is a negative alternative without the use of an important. Yet There is only one function of coordinating conjunction ‘yet’ that is as an adverb. As an adverb Examples: It hadn’t really sunk in yet, which was probably a blessing. The first how murders were detailed yet again. She lightly slapped the old man’s cheeks, once, twice, yet again. All sentences above show that the using coordinating conjunction ‘yet´is a an adverb. 3.2 Correlative Conjunctions Wishon 1980:136 said, “A correlative conjunction used to join two basic sentence patterns or two parallel elements of any kind. Kinds of correlative conjunctions are: either…or…, neither…nor…, both…and…, not only…but also… Either…or… The function of correlative conjunction ‘either…or…’ is to join two basic sentence. Examples: He either knew who she was or he found out. Could you hear either father Michael Joseph or the other person speaking? Universitas Sumatera Utara The sentences above show that the using coordinating conjunction ‘either…or…is to join two basic sentence. Neither …nor… The function of correlative conjunction ‘neither…or…’ is to join two basic sentence. Examples: That is neither here nor there whole things best forgotten. The example above show that the using of correlative conjunction ‘neither…nor…’ is to join two basic sentence.

3.3 Subordinating Conjunctions