1. Language Functions
Language functions refer to the purposes in using language to communicate. According to Linell 1983, pp. 149-151 there are three dimensions
which are related to the language functions. a.
The first, one should single out the dialogic functions in social interaction from the monologic functions in thinking and other kinds of intra individual
communication. It may be recalled that the conditions on written communication are such that both communicating parties may be said to use
language in a monologic fashion. b.
Secondly, it is possible to focus on the different interacting factors of the communication process and discern the following four aspects:
1 The expressive function is focusing-on the sender. What is communicated is,
under this aspect, seen as expressions of the senders beliefs, views, feelings, attitudes, volitions, needs etc.
2 The evocative function is focusing on the receiver. Communication is here
seen as directed towards evoking certain reactions on the receivers part. 3
Focusing on the subject matter, i.e. on the imaginary or objective reality that the message refers to: the referential functions, how communication is used to
refer and describe, to analyze, argue about, and explain things in the world. 4
The social function is focusing on the relation between sender and receiver. From this point of view communication serves to establish and maintain
social contact between the communicating parties. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
c. The third dimension is relation between communication to different
psychological dimensions of the communicating parties. There seem to be at least three different aspects:
1 The cognitive functions which have to do with knowledge, beliefs, and
intellectual understanding. From the expressive point of view communication may be seen as expressing the views and beliefs of the sender, and in an
evocative perspective communication is viewed as directed towards arousing beliefs, conveying information and bringing about understanding.
2 The emotive functions; in communication the sender expresses his feelings,
attitudes, emotions and desires, and this may also evoke the corresponding states and activities in the receiver.
3 The practical functions; much communication is used for guiding the
behavior of the receiver, i.e. the messages are conveyed in the hope of arousing readiness in the receiver to act in certain ways.
2. Public Speaking Communication
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