MDG Indicators AFG 2007 NRVA report

v Table of contents Table of contents Acknowledgements i Key indicators iii Table of contents v List of tables viii List of figures xii List of text boxes xiv Abbreviations xvi Executive summary xviii 1 Introduction 1 2 Methodological backgrounds of NRVA 20078 3 2.1 Lead-up to the NRVA 20078 3 2.2 NRVA 20078 methodology 4 2.2.1 Stakeholder involvement and questionnaire design 4 2.2.2 Sampling design 4 2.2.3 Questionnaire contents and interviews 4 2.2.4 Comparability of NRVA 20078 with previous rounds 5 2.2.5 Data limitations 7 3 Population structure and change 9 3.1 Introduction 9 3.2 Population and distribution 10 3.2.1 General population characteristics 10 3.2.2 Geographic distribution 11 3.3 Household structure and marriage patterns 12 3.3.1 Household structure 12 3.3.2 Marriage patterns 13 3.4 Fertility and mortality 15 3.4.1 Total Fertility Rate 15 3.4.2 Child mortality estimates 17 3.5 Migration 19 3.5.1 General migration 19 3.5.2 Security and returnees 21 3.6 Conclusions 23 4 Labour force characteristics 25 4.1 Introduction 25 4.2 Labour force, employment and unemployment 25 4.2.1 Labour force participation 26 4.2.2 Employment and unemployment 28 4.3 Characteristics of employment 31 4.3.1 Status in employment 31 4.3.2 Industry and occupation 32 4.3.3 Working hours 33 4.4 Children and work 33 4.5 Labour migration 35 vi Table of contents 4.5.1 In-migration 35 4.5.2 Out-migration 36 4.5.3 Seasonal migration 37 4.6 Conclusions 38 5 The agricultural sector 40 5.1 Introduction 40 5.2 Access to land 41 5.2.1 Irrigated land 42 5.2.2 Rain-fed land 44 5.2.3 Garden plots 45 5.3 Agricultural production 46 5.3.1 Crop production 46 5.3.2 Livestock 47 5.4 Agriculture inputs 50 5.4.1 Traction for cultivating land 50 5.4.2 Use of fertilizers and pesticides 50 5.5 Agriculture constraints 51 5.5.1 Reasons for not cultivating land 51 5.5.2 Use of extension services 52 5.5.3 Community accessibility 52 5.6 Conclusions 53 6 Poverty incidence and poverty profiling 54 6.1 Introduction 54 6.2 Conceptualization of poverty 55 6.3 Poverty across space and time 55 6.4 Equality in consumption expenditure 57 6.5 Profiling the poor 58 6.5.1 Household size and composition 58 6.5.2 Characteristics of the head of household 59 6.5.3 Characteristics of household members 61 6.5.4 Access to land and services 63 6.6 Conclusions 64 7 Education 65 7.1 Introduction 65 7.2 Literacy 65 7.3 Participation in school 68 7.4 Educational attainment 71 7.5 Conclusions 71 8 Health 73 8.1 Introduction 73 8.2 Access to health services 73 8.2.1 Travel time and travel costs 74 8.2.2 Impeded access for women 76 8.3 Child health 77 8.3.1 Supplementation of micro-nutrients 77 8.3.2 Child immunization 77