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which is meaning. Basnett 2002: 22 adds that what is involved in the process of translation
is ‘a whole set of extra-linguistic criteria’. Beyond the notion ... that translation involves the transfer of ‘meaning’
contained in one set of language signs into another set of language signs through competent use of the dictionary and grammar, the process
involves a whole set of extra-linguistic criteria also.
An extra-linguistic criterion is criteria that are not included within the realm of language. In other words, what Basnett of extra-linguistic criteria meant
is the culture where the SL text belongs. In her statements, “in the same that the surgeon, operating the heart, cannot neglect the body that surrounds it, so the
translator treats the text in isolation from the culture at his peril.” Moreover, Catford in Malmkjaer 2005: 24 says that translation could be
defined as “the replacement of textual material in one language SL by equivalent textual material in another language TL.” In a similar opinion with Catford,
Nida and Taber 2003: 12 suggest that “translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,
first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” The similarity in the definitions above is both emphasize on the equivalence between the SL and the
TL. It means that in translating the text from SL translators have to find the equivalence in TL. However, the difference is that in the first definition Catford
does not explain more in what way the textual material should be equivalent, while in the latter definition Nida and Taber clearly state that what should be
equivalent is meaning and the style of the language. According to Nida and Taber, the definition also indicates that in the process of translation, meaning should be
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put in the first place ahead of style.
b. Types of Translation
In the Jeremy Munday’s ‘Introducing Translation Studies’, Roman Jakobson explains discussion about the types of translation in his article on
‘Linguistics Aspects of Translation’. As far as the former is concerned, the types of translation is defined of by the translation-advanced linguist Roman Jakobson:
1 Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language.
2 Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language.
3 Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems.
Jakobson 1959: 139, emphasis in original intralingual translation refers to a rewording or rephrasing in the same language most explicitly introduced by
phrases such as in other words or that is, and intersemiotic to a change of medium, such as the translation that occurs when a composer puts words to music
or, even more notably, when the musical sound completely replaces the verbal code. For Jakobson, interlingual translation, between two verbal languages e.g.
Chinese and Arabic, English and Spanish, is ‘translation proper’. Another scholar, Newmark in Munday 2001:44 suggests two types of
translation that is called ‘communicative’ and ‘semantic’ translation. Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an affect as close as
possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the
second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. Newmark
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1981: 39 Semantic translation focus on linguistic aspect, for example is semantic
and syntactic structures. As a result, the translation might be more accurate than communicative translation because the contextual meaning of the original text is
fully translated in TT but it may be less communicative. General textbooks, Holy books are the examples of this type. On the other hand, communicative
translation, which it is reader oriented, but it may be less accurate in terms of, meaning and grammatical rule employed in ST. Poems, songs lyric are the
examples of this type. Although the types of translation conducted by scholars above are
accurate, this may need some revision to accommodate other dimensions, crucially the audio and visual ones in this case because there is some changes as
the technology innovation toward movies, which is movie is the subject of this research. Delabastita 1989: 214 says he is aware of the risks involved in having
a limited and normative definition of translation that “is in danger of being applicable to very few, well-selected cases, and of being unsuitable for a
description of most actual fact’. He rejects this minimal kind of definition and options for a highly flexible notion. He is representative of a trend and an
approach that is also shared by Mayoral Asensio 2001: 46, who goes even further by advocating a more dynamic notion:
The definition of the object of study in translation studies is not the definition of a natural process that assumes an unchanging nature; rather it
is the definition of a technological process that continually evolves and changes. Our role is not to close the door on new realities but to favour
and encourage them. We need open definitions that can be modified both to envelop new realities sign language interpretation, multimedia, text
