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competition with others” Henry Murray, 1938 as quoted in Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy, 2000: 399.
According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy 2000: 401 there are two forms of motivation that affect achievement: Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic
motivation.
a. Intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire to exhibit an action for our own sake. It means that this motivation comes from someone’s enjoyment or pleasure. There
is not a real reward money, certificate, or status for his work but the reward is from his heart, his satisfaction in doing something well.
b. Extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation is a desire to exhibit an action because of the external rewards and avoidance of punishment. It means this motivation comes from
reward which will be benefit for someone, such as money, certificate, or status. There is not enjoyment in this motivation. He only does something for the reward
given not for his satisfaction. Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy 2000: 404 also explain about the general
theories of motivation where those theories are divided into three, as follows:
1. Biological Theories a. Instinct
“Motivation results from behaviors that are unlearned, uniform in expression, and universal in a species”. It means that instinct is a behavioral
pattern which does not need to be learnt, always expressing something in the same way and also have an inherited. This instinctual behavior is obvious when we see
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animals. But according to Edward O. Wilson 1975, 1978 as quoted in Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy 2000: 405 believes that human being also have instinct
such as competition, aggression, male-female differences, and also altruism. These instincts are automatically come from one generation to another generation.
That is the reason why this behavior does not need to be learnt and always expressed in the same way because it comes from genetically in every species.
b. Drive-Reduction Theory
This theory begins with the biological needs of organism such as foods, water, and oxygen which are lacking. When the biological needs are unmet, these
needs created a state of tension drive, then the organism is motivated to reduce the needs or satisfy the original needs. Once the need is met, a state of balance
homeostasis is restored and motivation decreases. For the example, someone who is starving will create a state of tension hunger drive then he is motivated to
find food.
2. Psychosocial Theories a. Incentive Theory
This theory tells about motivation which comes from the external factors or environmental stimuli. These external stimuli will pull organism in certain
directions Bolles, 1970, 1975; Pfaffmann, 1982 as quoted in Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy, 2000: 405. This theory is the opposite of the drive-reduction theory
where the internal factors push organism in certain direction. For the example, people eat because their hunger pushes them to find food; this is drive-reduction
theory. While the incentive theory is a situation where people continue to eat
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because they see others food like apple pie or ice cream which pulls them to continue eating although they are not hungry at that time.
b. Cognitive Theory
This theory tells about motivation which emphasizes thought processes in goal-directed behavior. This theory is not similar to other theories above; this
theory emphasizes thinking and perceptual interpretation. It means that cognitive theory teaches people to think their plans and reach their
goals. That is the reason why it is said that this theory emphasizes in thinking and perceptual interpretation. For the example, someone who wants to get a great
grade in his examination will spend the night studying than watch a cinema. In this situation, he has a plan to study all night long to get a perfect grade as his
goal.
3. Interactionism: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s theory of motivation says that some motives such as physiological and safety needs have to be satisfied before advancing to higher
needs such as belonging and self-esteem. This theory of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs will be explained more in the
section theory of Human Needs. It is because this theory is needed in explaining about Chantal Prym who has some needs to be fulfilled in her life.
Perhaps the explanation for the purpose of motivated behavior is the idea of hedonism. Hedonism is a motivation behavior which motivates someone by
pleasure and pain Petri, 1981: 7. Aiken 1969: 119 states that “hedonism is behavior that is directed toward maximizing pleasure and maximizing pain.”
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Young 1961 as quoted in Petri ibid explains that this behavior is based on the emotional consequences of an action. If the emotional consequences are
pleasurable, the action will be repeated; if the emotional consequences are painful, the action will be avoided and there will be no repetition.
3. Theory of
Human Needs
Waringin 2007: 72-73 says that a success person is someone who is brave to take action and convinced that he is able to reach his goal. It means that
everyone has to do something that they consider as a good way, which is at least, to survive in this life. However, the behavior they conduct is a good one for them
at the end; they have to keep on struggling. One thing that they have to know is
there must be motivations which underlying their actions.
Maslow 1954 contended that human being have a number of needs that are instinctive. Although all needs are instinctive, some are more powerful than
others. The lower the need, the more powerful it is. In his hierarchy, the lower needs are stronger than others need. It must be satisfied first before moving to the
higher needs Maslow, 1954 as quated in Petri, 1981: 302. In other word, it means that motivations are based on human needs. “Hierarchy of needs implies
that the individual has to find adequate satisfaction for the more basic needs before he can turn his attention to the higher needs on the scale” Kalish, 1973:
50. According to Maslow 1954 as quoted in Petri 1981: 302-305, there are
five basic needs:
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a. Psychological Needs
This is the lowest need in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. These consist mainly of: eating, drinking, sleeping, and sex. If some needs are not fulfilled, a
human’s physiological needs take the highest priority. Physiological needs can control thoughts and behaviors, and can cause people to feel sickness, pain, and
discomfort. Maslow feels that psychological needs are adequately met for most people in the society. When these needs are met, the next need of the hierarchy
emerges as a dominant force in controlling and directing behavior.
b. Safety Needs
When psychological needs are met, the need for safety or security in our environment will emerge. Like the psychological needs, safety needs are primarily
appears in emergency situations. Higher needs become unimportant when one’s life is endangered and our behavior reflects our attempts to remain secure. This
include: personal security from crime, security as against company lay-offs, health and well-being, and safety net against accidentsillness and the adverse impacts. If
there is no satisfaction of these needs, one reacts as if one were in a threatening situation – obsessive-compulsive neuroses.
c. Love BelongingSocial Needs
“When the safety needs have been adequately met, they become unimportant in the direction of behavior, and the love and belongingness needs
emerge” Maslow, 1954 as quoted in Petri, 1981: 303. This aspect of Maslow’s hierarchy involves emotionally-based relationship in general, such as: friendship,
sexual intimacy, and having a supportive and communicative family. Human needs feel a sense of belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large or
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small social group. They need to love and to be loved by others. In the absence of these elements, many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and
depression.
d. Esteem Needs
When the love needs have been adequately met, the esteem needs become dominant. Esteem needs mean needs for a positive, high evaluation of oneself.
There are two subcategories of these needs namely, a need for self - esteem and a need for esteem from others. The needs for self – esteem motivates the individual
to attempt for achievement, strength, confidence, independent, and freedom. The need of esteem from others requires reputation, status, recognition, attention,
appreciation of one’s ability and feeling of important. All humans have a need to be respected, to have self-esteem, self-respect, and to respect others. People needs
to prove themselves to gain recognition and have an activity that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel accepted and self-valued.. The satisfaction of esteem
needs makes one feel having a purpose in the world. Lack of esteem leads the individual to feel inconsequential and to have little self-worth.
e. Self-Actualization
When one has satisfied the first four levels of need psychological needs, safety needs Love belongingsocial needs, esteem needs the final level, which
Maslow termed self – actualization, can be reached. “The behavior of self-actualization person is motivated by a new set of needs, which Maslow
termed the being needs B – Motivation or metamotivation” Maslow, 1954 as quoted in Petri, 1981: 305. Being needs are values such as truth, honesty, and
goodness which provide meaning to the life of self – actualization individual”.
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The self actualization - need of humans makes them become the most of their abilities and to strive to be the best they can. In short, self-actualization is
reaching one’s fullest potential.
B. Criticism
In this part, I will present some criticism related to Paulo Coelho and his work entitled The Devil and Miss Prym 2000 published by Harper Collins. The
criticisms are presented to give more references to the reader in understanding Paulo Coelho’s work.
Amayel in her article “Paulo Coelho: The Devil and Miss Prym: A Novel of Temptation” says,
‘Paulo Coelho’s stunning novel explores the timeless struggle between good and evil, and brings to our everyday dilemmas fresh perspectives:
incentives to master the fear that prevents us from following our dreams, from being different, from truly living. The Devil and Miss Prym is a story
charged with emotion, in which the integrity of being human meets a terrifying test.’ http:amayelsnotes.wordpress.comreadings , acessed on
July 24, 2008. Based on the criticism above, Paulo Coelho has created a literary work
which can motivate people to fight their fear in this life. The story of the novel is about human nature in the real life. According to her point of view, Coelho
explains that circumstances can change us each time into either good or bad people.
Amayel ibid also gives criticism about Coelho’s works; she says the only issue with Coelho is that in reading his book from the oldest to the newest that he
seems lose his character development for teaching lessons. It can be seen when
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reading Coelho’s works, it makes us think and also teaches us the lesson right there rather than letting us think and figure it out by our self. From her criticism,
we can see that Amayel feels a little bit disappointed with this novel, because Coelho makes all is easy to be read so he is not giving opportunities to the readers
to think and learn by themselves about his novel. The main character that Paulo uses in this novel called Chantal. She is a
poor young woman but she is a tough woman. Although she has been expelled by Viscos people but she still cares about Viscos village life. Anna
http:www.shelfari.combooks39702The-Devil-and-Miss-Prym-A-Novel-of-Te mptation, accessed on June 9, 2008, says that she loves Chantal for her courage
to stand for what she thinks is the best situation. According to Anna, Chantal is very kind; she is also smart when she is discussing the gold to the stranger. She
also says that she likes the way Coelho makes every detail in the story grim and hopeless which in the end of the story he puts little spark of hope that can change
the situation. Sirg0508 in her article “Book Review: The Devil and Miss Prym by Paulo
Coelho” says that he is satisfying enough when he is reading this novel. In his criticism, he says although The Devil and Miss Prym is not a long novel with only
201 pages and the chapters are also relatively short, this novel is quite easy to be read. He also says that there is suspense in this novel and although the last chapter
is not like his wishes but it is satisfying enough for him. http:www.helium.comitems884071-book-reviews-the-devil-and-miss-prym-by
-paulo-coelho?page=2, accessed on July 24, 2008.
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From the criticism above, we can see that there are two people who seem satisfied with this novel. In this point, I conclude that although the story seems
short, it has deeper meaning for our life because this book teaches us to defeat for our evil in ourselves and also to recognize about right and wrong in making
decisions.
C. Theoretical Framework
The motivation and human needs theory that are explained in the previous part are used to analyze the two problems formulated in the problem formulation.
The motivation and human needs theory help me to see every aspect of human behavior in fulfilling their needs which leads Chantal to do something in fulfilling
her needs. The critical approach which I use in this study is psychological approach
which may be useful for this study. I choose psychological approach because motivation is part of psychological theory. I believe that this approach can help
me in understanding the analysis of my problems about motivation. Some of criticisms also have relations to this study. These criticisms help
me to give affirmations in understanding the character in this novel, The Devil and Miss Prym. These criticisms also can help me in understanding about what the
readers thought of this novel.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three parts. Those are subject of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. The first is the subject of the
study which deals with the novel The Devil and Miss Prym 2000 by Paulo Coelho and also the focus of this study. The second is approach of the study that I
use to explain about the critical approach in analyzing this novel. The last is the method of study as the procedure to analyze the study.
A. Subject of the Study
The subject of the study of this thesis is The Devil and Miss Prym 2000. This is a novel written by a Brazilian author, Paulo Coelho. The first edition of
this novel was published in Portuguese in 2000 entitled O Demonio e a srta Prym. This study uses the version which is published in 2001 by Harper Collins
Publishers and translated from Portuguese to English by Amanda Hopkinson and Nick Caistor. The novel contains 25 chapter and 201 pages long.
The Devil and Miss Prym 2000 tells about greediness of human beings in a small village of Viscos. The major character is Miss Prym. The story starts from
a stranger who came to Viscos village. He is a man who had left by his family in a bad murder and now he is searching of an answer to a question: “Are human
beings essentially good or bad?” In trying to find the answer, he offers Viscos ten bars of gold if at the end of seven days someone in the Viscos is found dead.
Meanwhile Chantal is a young woman who lives in Viscos and wishes that she
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can leave that small town to reach her goal in life. The stranger asks Chantal to help him to tell the people in Viscos about his offer. For the repayment, she will
get a bar of gold which can make her life much better than now. This condition makes Chantal confused because she actually wants the gold but it means that she
has to tell the people about the stranger’s offer and maybe there will be a murder in Viscos.
Finally, Chantal takes the stranger’s offer and tells to the people about the stranger’s message. Then, what happen? Because of her action, people become
weird and they are busy in choosing who will become the victim. When Chantal knows about this, she is so surprised and plans to save the victim. This makes
Chantal is motivated to save Viscos to the normal situation. However, Viscos is a small harmonious and peaceful village.
If there is a murder, Viscos will be damaged. Chantal does not want it happens, that is why, she tries to save Viscos,
her birthplace.
B. Approach of the Study
The focus of my study is on the motivation of Chantal in saving Viscos village, her birthplace. In analyzing the problems, I need an approach which can
help me in analyzing the problem. There are two kinds of approaches which proposed by Wellek and Warren 1956: 80.
Those are intrinsic and extrinsic approaches, where this study uses the extrinsic approach. Extrinsic approach has
five types which can be used to analyze a literary work. Those approach are literary and biography, literature and psychology, literature and society, literature
and ideas, literature and the other arts.
