Data Analysis Data Description

3.5 Data Analysis

As the thesis using descriptive method which the data is researched by describing the subject or object of material. Thus, after the process of collecting the data, the results are analyzed in six steps : 1. First, the research is directed to answer the problem of analysis by reading, collecting the data and comparing the data from SL text and TL. 2. Second, classifying the data and listing the data generally. 3. Third, the data is classified into the kind of technique of translation. 4. Fourth, after classifying the data based on its translation technique, the data is leaded to identified. 5. Fifth, finding out the most dominant kind of translation technique in the material. 6. Finally, presenting the analysis of the shifts. The table is oriented to answering the problem of the analysis.

3.6 Data Percentage

In order to support the research and to figure ot the most technique of translation occurred in the user’s guide, this thesis is going to apply a formula referring to ‘Educational Statistic’, Butler 1985. Following is the formula calculating the percentage of the data. Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 2: Educational Statistic X : Number of subcategory of kind of translation technique Y : Number of all data N : The percentage of subcategory of translation technique X x 100 = N Y Universitas Sumatera Utara

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Data Description

In this chapter, the research is oriented to analyze the material, iPhone 3Gs user Guide based on the method of research and the review literature, in order to find the kinds of translation technique proposed by Molina and Albir 2002:509-511 are applied to the material.

4.1.1 Collected Data of iPhone 3GS User Guide

Based on the research process, this research has found there are 95 occurrences of iPhone 3Gs User’s guide related about technique of translation. The data are collected from iPhone 3Gs Quick Start Guide and the Bahasa Indonesia translation of the user guide, Petunjuk Mulai Cepat iPhone 3Gs. The chosen data can be seen in the table next page. Table 3: Data Collection of iPhone 3GS User Guide No Source Text Target Text 1 Set Up Mengatur 2 Onoff Button Tombol NyalaMati 3 Finger Tips Semudah Menjentikkan Jari Tangan 4 Instruction Instruksi 5 Onscreen Layar 6 Button Basics Tombol-Tombol Dasar 7 Turn Off Mematikan 8 Restart Memulai Ulang 9 Slider Slider Universitas Sumatera Utara 10 Home Button Tombol Rumah 11 Tap Ketuk 12 App Icon Ikon Aplikasi 13 Volume Volume 14 Contact Kontak 15 Favorites Favorite 16 Email email 17 Text Message Pesan Teks 18 Keypad Keypad 19 Incoming Call Panggilan Masuk 20 Headset Headset 21 Web Web 22 Main Home Screen Layar Utama 23 Name Nama 24 App Aplikasi 25 Artist Artis 26 Keyword Kata Kunci 27 Bar Status Status Bar 28 Mail Mail 29 Message Icon Ikon Pesan 30 SMS SMS 31 MMS MMS 32 Phone Number Nomor Telepon 33 Mobile Phone User Pengguna Ponsel 34 Photos Foto 35 Videos Video 36 Camera Kamera 37 Intelligent Keyboard Papan Ketik Cerdas 38 Space bar Spasi 39 Keyboard Papan Ketik 40 Apostropes Apostrof 41 Contraction Kontraksi 42 Double-tap Mengetuk Kata Dua Kali 43 Text Teks 44 Edit Edit 45 Magnifying glass Kaca Pembesar 46 Insertion poin Poin Sisipan Universitas Sumatera Utara 47 Grab points Poin Ambil 48 Web Pages Halaman Web 49 Notification Pemberitahuan 50 Screen Layar 51 Lock screen Layar Terkunci 52 Voice Control Kontrol Suara 53 Hands-free call Panggilan Bebas Tangan 54 Music Musik 55 Email Photo Email Foto 56 Tweet Tweet 57 Home Screen Layar Utama 58 Wallpaper Wallpaper 59 Photo Stream Stream Foto 60 Device Perangkat 61 Audio Control Kontrol Audio 62 Double-click Mengklik dua kali 63 Element Elemen 64 Reader Button Tombol Pembaca 65 Multi-page button Tombol Halaman lain 66 Location Lokasi 67 Page Curl Button Tombol Gulung Halaman 68 Trademarks Merek Dagang 69 Rights Hak Cipta 70 Direction Penunjuk Arah 71 Route Rute 72 Walk Button Tombol Jalan 73 Bus Button Tombol Bus 74 Transit Route Arah Transit 75 Folder Folder 76 Category Kategori 77 Music Videos Video Musik 78 Preview Pratinjau 79 Calendar Kalender 80 Documents Dokumen 81 Download Mengunduh 82 Purchase Membeli 83 Item Item Universitas Sumatera Utara 84 Feature Fitur 85 Wireless Service Provider Penyedia layanan nirkabel 86 Netwok service Layanan Jaringan 87 Voicemail Pesan Suara 88 Billing Tagihan 89 Integrated Terintegrasi 90 Setting Icon Ikon Pengaturan 91 Content Konten 92 Press and Hold Menekan dan Menahan 93 Make a Call Melakukan Panggilan 94 Touch and Hold Sentuh dan Tahan 95 Cut, copy and Paste Potong, salin dan tempel

4.1.2 Identified Data of iPhone 3GS User Guide

After the data is collected, the research is leaded to identify the technique of the translation. The following table shows the result. Table 4: Data identification of iPhone 3GS User Guide No Source Text Target Text Kind of Translation Technique 1 Set Up Mengatur Generalization 2 Onoff Button Tombol NyalaMati Established Equivalent 3 Finger Tips Semudah Menjentikkan Jari Tangan Discursive Creation 4 Instruction Instruksi Borrowing 5 Onscreen Layar Established Equivalent 6 Button Basics Tombol-Tombol Dasar Established Equivalent 7 Turn Off Mematikan Established Equivalent 8 Restart Memulai Ulang Established Equivalent 9 Slider Slider Borrowing 10 Home Button Tombol Rumah Established Equivalent 11 Tap Ketuk Established Equivalent 12 App Icon Ikon Aplikasi Borrowing + Reduction 13 Volume Volume Borrowing Universitas Sumatera Utara 14 Contact Kontak Borrowing 15 Favorites Favorite Borrowing 16 email email Borrowing 17 Text Message Pesan Teks Borrowing + Established Equivalent 18 Keypad Keypad Borrowing 19 Incoming Call Panggilan Masuk Established Equivalent 20 Headset Headset Borrowing 21 Web Web Borrowing 22 Main Home Screen Layar Utama Established Equivalent + Reduction 23 Name Nama Borrowing 24 App Aplikasi Generalization 25 Artist Artis Borrowing 26 Keyword Kata Kunci Established Equivalent 27 Bar Status Status Bar Calque 28 Mail Mail Borrowing 29 Message Icon Ikon Pesan Borrowing + Established Equivalent 30 SMS SMS Borrowing 31 MMS MMS Borrowing 32 Phone Number Nomor Telepon Established Equivalent 33 Mobile Phone User Pengguna Ponsel Adaptation 34 Photos Foto Borrowing 35 Videos Video Borrowing 36 Camera Kamera Borrowing 37 Intelligent Keyboard Papan Ketik Cerdas Adaptation 38 Space bar Spasi Borrowing + Reduction 39 Keyboard Papan Ketik Adaptation 40 Apostropes Apostrof Borrowing 41 Contraction Kontraksi Borrowing 42 Double-tap Mengetuk Kata Dua Kali Established Equivalent 43 Text Teks Borrowing 44 Edit Edit Borrowing 45 Magnifying Glass Kaca Pembesar Established Equivalent 46 Insertion poin Poin Sisipan Borrowing + Established Equivalent 47 Grab points Poin Ambil Borrowing + Established Equivalent Universitas Sumatera Utara 48 Web Pages Halaman Web Borrowing + Established Equivalent 49 Notification Pemberitahuan Established Equivalent 50 Screen Layar Established Equivalent 51 Lock screen Layar Terkunci Established Equivalent 52 Voice Control Kontrol Suara Borrowing + Established Equivalent 53 Hands-free call Panggilan Bebas Tangan Established Equivalent 54 Music Musik Borrowing 55 Email Photo Email Foto Calque 56 Tweet Tweet Borrowing 57 Home Screen Layar Utama Established Equivalent 58 Wallpaper Wallpaper Borrowing 59 Photo Stream Stream Foto Calque 60 Device Perangkat Established Equivalent 61 Audio Control Kontrol Audio Calque 62 Double-click Mengklik dua kali Established Equivalent 63 Element Elemen Borrowing 64 Reader Button Tombol Pembaca Established Equivalent 65 Multi-page button Tombol Halaman lain Established Equivalent 66 Location Lokasi+C88 Borrowing 67 Page Curl Button Tombol Gulung Halaman Established Equivalent 68 Trademarks Merek Dagang Established Equivalent 69 Rights Hak Cipta Particularization 70 Direction Penunjuk Arah Established Equivalent 71 Route Rute Borrowing 72 Walk Button Tombol Jalan Established Equivalent 73 Bus Button Tombol Bus Borrowing + Established Equivalent 74 Transit Route Arah Transit Borrowing + Established Equivalent 75 Folder Folder Borrowing 76 Category Kategori Borrowing 77 Music Videos Video Musik Calque 78 Preview Pratinjau Established Equivalent 79 Calendar Kalender Borrowing 80 Documents Dokumen Borrowing 81 Download Mengunduh Adaptation 82 Purchase Membeli Generalization 83 Item Item Borrowing Universitas Sumatera Utara 84 Feature Fitur Borrowing 85 Wireless Service Provider Penyedia layanan nirkabel Adaptation 86 Network service Layanan Jaringan Established Equivalent 87 Voicemail Pesan Suara Established Equivalent 88 Billing Tagihan Established Equivalent 89 Integrated Terintegrasi Borrowing 90 Setting Icon Ikon Pengaturan Borrowing + Established Equivalent 91 Content Konten Borrowing 92 Press and Hold Menekan dan Menahan Literal Translation 93 Make a Call Melakukan Panggilan Literal Translation 94 Touch and Hold Sentuh dan Tahan Literal Translation 95 Cut, copy, and paste Potong, salin dan tempel Literal Translation

4.1.3 Classified and Analyzed Data Based On Translation Technique

The next step of this research is to classify the data, after the data is identified based on kind of translation technique. In this passage, the research adduces the explanation of each classification which already collected. In order to support the idea, meaning and the explanation In terms of analyzing the application of established equivalent in both SL and TL terminologies, Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Kamus Bahasa Inggris-Indonesia dan Kamus Bahasa Indonesia-Inggris by John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily are managed to support for bringing forward the definition.

4.1.3.1 Adaptation

This technique of translation try to replaces the element of source language culture with the element of the target language culture. It tends to render a meaning into Universitas Sumatera Utara a word or phrase which widely known and referred to the original context that does not exist in TL. Table 5: Adaptation Data No. No Source Text Target Text Kind of Translation Technique 1 33 Mobile Phone User Pengguna Ponsel Adaptation 2 37 Intelligent Keyboard Papan Ketik Cerdas Adaptation 3 39 Keyboard Papan Ketik Adaptation 4 78 Preview Pratinjau Adaptation 5 81 Download Mengunduh Adaptation 6 85 Wireless Service Provider Penyedia layanan nirkabel Adaptation 33. Mobile Phone User → Pengguna Ponsel Mobile Phone User is changed into Pengguna Ponsel in Bahasa Indonesia. The translator tries to use a familiar word with the culture of Indonesia who prefer to use word ponsel than telepon selular. 37. Intelligent Keyboard → Papan Ketik Cerdas Intelligent Keyboard is changed into Papan Ketik Cerdas in Bahasa Indonesia. The translator tries to use a familiar word with the culture of Indonesia that is Papan Ketik which actually has same concept in meaning. 39. Keyboard → Papan Ketik Keyboard is changed into Papan Ketik in Bahasa Indonesia. The translator tries to use a familiar word with the culture of Indonesia that is Papan Ketik which actually has same concept in meaning. Universitas Sumatera Utara 78. Preview → Pratinjau Preview is changed into Pratinjau in Bahasa Indonesia. The translator tries to use a local language word with the culture of Indonesia that is Pratinjau which actually has same concept in meaning 81. Download → Mengunduh Download is changed into Mengunduh in Bahasa Indonesia. The translator tries to use a local language word, namely mengunduh which actually has same meaning. 85. Wireles Service Provider → Penyedia layanan nirkabel Wireles Service Provider is changed into Penyedia layanan nirkabel in Bahasa Indonesia. The translator tries to focus on the word ‘provider’ and changing it with a local language word, namely nirkabel which actually has same meaning.

4.1.3.2 Borrowing

Borrowing is one of the techniques of translation, which take a word or expression straight from another language. Borrowing basically consists of two types, first pure borrowing, which means the translation is transferred without changing the writing system and the pronunciation in SL form, and second, naturalized which means the translation is adapted with the TL translation or made as natural as possible to TL. This type changes as close as possible to the TL writing system and pronunciation. Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 6: Borrowing Data No. No Source Text Target Text Kind of Translation Technique 1 4 Instruction Instruksi Borrowing 2 9 Slider Slider Borrowing 3 13 Volume Volume Borrowing 4 14 Contact Kontak Borrowing 5 15 Favorite Favorite Borrowing 6 16 Email Email Borrowing 7 18 Keypad Keypad Borrowing 8 20 Headset Headset Borrowing 9 21 Web Web Borrowing 10 23 Name Nama Borrowing 11 25 Artist Artis Borrowing 12 28 Mail Mail Borrowing 13 30 SMS SMS Borrowing 14 31 MMS MMS Borrowing 15 34 Photos Foto Borrowing 16 35 Videos Video Borrowing 17 36 Camera Kamera Borrowing 18 40 Apostropes Apostrof Borrowing 19 41 Contraction Kontraksi Borrowing 20 43 Text Teks Borrowing 21 44 Edit Edit Borrowing 22 54 Music Musik Borrowing 23 56 Tweet Tweet Borrowing 24 58 Wallpaper Wallpaper Borrowing 25 63 Element Elemen Borrowing 26 66 Location Lokasi Borrowing 27 71 Route Rute Borrowing 28 75 Folder Folder Borrowing 29 76 Category Kategori Borrowing 30 79 Calendar Kalender Borrowing 31 80 Documents Dokumen Borrowing 32 83 Item Item Borrowing 33 84 Feature Fitur Borrowing Universitas Sumatera Utara 34 89 Integrated Terintegrasi Borrowing 35 91 Content Konten Borrowing

4.1.3.2.1 Pure Borrowing Table 6a: Pure Borrowing

Data No. No Source Text Target Text Kind of Translation Technique 1 9 Slider Slider Pure Borrowing 2 13 Volume Volume Pure Borrowing 3 15 Favorites Favorite Pure Borrowing 4 16 Email Email Pure Borrowing 5 18 Keypad Keypad Pure Borrowing 6 20 Headset Headset Pure Borrowing 7 21 Web Web Pure Borrowing 8 28 Mail Mail Pure Borrowing 9 30 SMS SMS Pure Borrowing 10 31 MMS MMS Pure Borrowing 11 35 Videos Video Pure Borrowing 12 44 Edit Edit Pure Borrowing 13 56 Tweet Tweet Pure Borrowing 14 58 Wallpaper Wallpaper Pure Borrowing 15 75 Folder Folder Pure Borrowing 16 83 Item Item Pure Borrowing 9. Slider → Slider Slider is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘Slider’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. 13. Volume → Volume Universitas Sumatera Utara Volume is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘volume’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. 15. Favorites → Favorite The writing of ‘favorite’ from SL into TL is rendered without changing the writing system and pronunciation after rendered in TL form. 16. Email → email Email is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘email’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. 18. Keypad → keypad Keypad is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘keypad’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. 20. Headset → Headset Headset is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘headset’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. 21. Web → Web Web is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘email’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. 28. Mail → Mail Universitas Sumatera Utara Mail is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘mail’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. 30. SMS → SMS SMS is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘SMS’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. 31. MMS → MMS MMS is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘MMS’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. 35. Videos → Video The writing of the terminology of SL ‘video’ does not turn into any change. The SL word is rendered into TL word without changing the writing system and pronunciation. 44. Edit → Edit Edit is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘edit’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. 56. Tweet → Tweet Edit is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘edit’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. 58. Wallpaper → Wallpaper Universitas Sumatera Utara Wallpaper is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘wallpaper’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. 75. Folder → Folder Folder is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘folder’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. 83. Item → Item Item is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘Item’ without changing the writing system and pronunciation after rendered in TL form.

4.1.3.2.2 Naturalized Borrowing Table 6b: Naturalized Borrowing

Data No. No Source Text Target Text Kind of Translation Technique 1 4 Instruction Instruksi Naturalized Borrowing 2 14 Contact Kontak Naturalized Borrowing 3 23 Name Nama Naturalized Borrowing 4 25 Artist Artis Naturalized Borrowing 5 34 Photos Foto Naturalized Borrowing 6 36 Camera Kamera Naturalized Borrowing 7 40 Apostropes Apostrof Naturalized Borrowing 8 41 Contraction Kontraksi Naturalized Borrowing 9 43 Text Teks Naturalized Borrowing 10 54 Music Musik Naturalized Borrowing 11 63 Element Elemen Naturalized Borrowing 12 66 Location Lokasi Naturalized Borrowing 13 71 Route Rute Naturalized Borrowing 14 76 Category Kategori Naturalized Borrowing 15 79 Calendar Kalender Naturalized Borrowing Universitas Sumatera Utara 16 80 Documents Dokumen Naturalized Borrowing 17 84 Feature Fitur Naturalized Borrowing 18 89 Integrated Terintegrasi Naturalized Borrowing 19 91 Content Konten Naturalized Borrowing 4. Instruction → Instruksi The terminology of SL ‘Instruction’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Instruksi. The SL terminology has undergone a change in the form of TL. The suffix ‘ion’ in SL is transferred into si in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 14. Contact → Kontak The terminology of SL ‘Contact’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Kontak. The SL terminology has undergone a change in the form of TL. The letter ‘C’ in SL changes to the letter ‘K’ in TL and. The letter ‘ct’ in SL is turned into ‘k’ in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 23. Name → Nama The terminology of SL ‘Nama’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Nama. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The letter ‘e’ in the last of word ‘Name’ changes to the letter ‘a’ in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. Universitas Sumatera Utara 25. Artist → Artis The terminology of SL ‘Artist’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Artis. The translation brings about transformation in the form of TL. The letter ‘t’ in the SL is omitted or disappeared in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 34. Photos → Foto The terminology of SL ‘Photos’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Foto. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The letters ‘Ph’ in the SL is turned into the letter ‘f’ in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 36. Camera → Kamera The terminology of SL ‘Camera’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Kamera. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The letter ‘C’ in the SL is turned into the letter ‘K’ in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 40. Apostropes → Apostrof The terminology of SL ‘Apostrophes’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Apostrof. The translation brings about Universitas Sumatera Utara the transformation in the form of TL. The letters ‘pes’ in the SL is turned into the letter ‘f’ in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 41. Contraction → Kontraksi The terminology of SL ‘Contraction’ is translated literally with changing writing system by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Kontraksi. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The letter ‘C’ in the SL is turned into the letter ‘K’ in the TL and the suffix ‘ion’ in the TL is turned into ‘si’ in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 43. Text → Teks The terminology of SL ‘Text’ is translated literally with changing writing system by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Teks. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The letters ‘xt’ is turned into ‘ks’ in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 54. Music → Musik The terminology of SL ‘Music’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Musik. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The last letter ‘c’ in the SL is turned into ‘k’ in TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. Universitas Sumatera Utara 63. Element → Elemen The terminology of SL ‘Element’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Elemen. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The last letter ‘t’ in the SL is omitted or discarded in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 66. Location → Lokasi The terminology of SL ‘Location’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Lokasi. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. the letter ‘c’ in the SL is turned into ‘k’ in the TL and the suffix ‘ion’ in the SL is turned into ‘si’ in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 71. Route → Rute The terminology of SL ‘Route’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Rute. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The letters ‘ou’ in the SL is turned into ‘u’ in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 76. Catergory → Kategori The terminology of SL ‘Category’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Kategori. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The first letter ‘C’ of ‘Category’ is turned into Universitas Sumatera Utara ‘K’ and the last letter ‘y’ of ‘Category’ is turned into ‘i’ in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 79. Calendar → Kalender The terminology of SL ‘Calendar’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Kalender. The Translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The first letter ‘C’ of ‘Calendar’ is turned into ‘K’ and the second letter ‘a’ is turned into ‘e’ in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 80. Documents → Dokumen The terminology of SL ‘Documents’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Dokumen. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The letter ‘c’ in the SL is turned into ‘k; in the TL and the last letter ‘t’ is omitted or discarded in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 84. Feature → Fitur The terminology of SL ‘Feature’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Fitur. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The letter ‘ea’ in the SL is turned into ‘i’ in the TL and the last letter ‘e’ in the SL is omitted or discarded in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 89. Integrated → Terintegrasi Universitas Sumatera Utara The terminology of SL ‘Integrated’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Terintegrasi. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The last letter ‘ed’ in the SL is turned into ‘si’ in the TL and the first letter ‘ter’ in the TL is added in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 91. Content → Konten The terminology of SL ‘content’ is translated into Konten. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The letter ‘C’ in the SL is turned into ‘K’ in the TL and the last letter‘t’ in the SL is omitted or discarded in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation.

4.1.3.3 Calque

Calque is one of the techniques of translation that its foreign word or phrase is literally translated. Table 7: Calque Data No. No Source Text Target Text Kind of Translation Technique 1 27 Bar Status Status Bar Calque 2 55 Email Photo Email Foto Calque 3 59 Photo Stream Stream Foto Calque 4 61 Audio Control Kontrol Audio Calque 5 77 Music Videos Video Musik Calque 12. Bar Status → Status Bar Universitas Sumatera Utara ‘Bar status’ is turned with linear substitution into the target language. ‘Bar’ as the first word of SL changes to second word in TL and ‘Status’ as the second of SL changes to first word in the TL. Both of items use the borrowing technique translation. Thus, they are imported from SL purely. 55. Email Photo → Email Foto ‘Email Photo’ is turned with linear substitution into the target language. ‘Email’ as the first word of SL changes to the second word in TL and ‘Photo’ as the second of SL changes to the first word in the TL, however the word ‘photo’, especially the letters ‘ph’ is transformed into ‘f’ to make more accustomed with TL. Both of items use the borrowing technique translation. 59. Photo Stream → Stream Foto ‘Photo Stream’ is transformed with linear substitution into the target language. ‘Photo’ as the first word of SL changes to second word in the TL; then, the word ‘photo’, especially the letters ‘ph’ is transformed into ‘f’ to make more accustomed with TL and ‘Stream’ as the second of SL changes to first word in the TL. Both of items use the borrowing technique translation. 61. Audio Control → Kontrol Audio ‘Audio Control’ is turned with linear substitution into the target language. ‘Audio’ as the first word of SL changes to second word in TL and ‘Control’ as the second of SL changes to first word in the TL, however the word ‘Control’, Universitas Sumatera Utara especially the letter ‘c’ is transformed into ‘k’ to make more accustomed with TL. Both of items use the borrowing technique translation. 77. Music Videos → Video Musik ‘Music Videos’ is transformed with linear substitution into target language. ‘Music’ as the first word of SL changes to second word in TL, however the word ‘Music’, especially the last letter ‘c’ is transformed into ‘k’ to make more accustomed with TL and ‘Video’ as the second of SL changes to first word in the TL. Both of items use the borrowing technique translation.

4.1.3.4 Discursive Creation

Discursive Creation is one of translation techniques which establish a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context. Table 8: Discursive Creation Data No. No Source Text Target Text Kind of Translation Technique 1 3 Finger Tips Semudah Menjentikkan Jari Tangan Discursive Creation 3. Finger Tips → Semudah Menjentikkan Jari Tangan Phrase Clause Based on grammatical structure, Finger Tips is a phrase and it turns into Semudah Menjentikkan Jari Tangan which is a clause. When Finger Tips is translated literally with changing writing system in Bahasa Indonesia it becomes Universitas Sumatera Utara Tips Jari or Petunjuk Jari. In order to make the meaning more acceptable to the reader, the translator tries to extend the phrase become clause and makes equivalence in TL by giving additional information as well.

4.1.3.5 Established Equivalent

Established Equivalent is one of technique translation, which its term expression is recognized by dictionaries or language in use as an equivalent in the TL. Table 9: Established Equivalent Data No. No Source Text Target Text Kind of Translation Technique 1 1 Set up Mengatur Established Equivalent 2 2 Onoff Button Tombol NyalaMati Established Equivalent 3 5 Onscreen Layar Established Equivalent 4 6 Button Basics Tombol-Tombol Dasar Established Equivalent 5 7 Turn Off Mematikan Established Equivalent 6 8 Restart Memulai Ulang Established Equivalent 7 10 Home Button Tombol Rumah Established Equivalent 8 11 Tap Ketuk Established Equivalent 9 19 Incoming Call Panggilan Masuk Established Equivalent 10 26 Keyword Kata Kunci Established Equivalent 11 32 Phone Number Nomor Telepon Established Equivalent 12 42 Double-tap Mengetuk Kata Dua Kali Established Equivalent 13 45 Magnifying glass Kaca Pembesar Established Equivalent 14 49 Notification Pemberitahuan Established Equivalent 15 50 Screen Layar Established Equivalent 16 51 Lock screen Layar Terkunci Established Equivalent 17 53 Hands-free call Panggilan Bebas Tangan Established Equivalent 18 57 Home Screen Layar Utama Established Equivalent 19 60 Device Perangkat Established Equivalent 20 62 Double-click Mengklik dua kali Established Equivalent Universitas Sumatera Utara 21 64 Reader Button Tombol Pembaca Established Equivalent 22 65 Multi-page button Tombol Halaman lain Established Equivalent 23 67 Page Curl Button Tombol Gulung Halaman Established Equivalent 24 68 Trademarks Merek Dagang Established Equivalent 25 70 Direction Penunjuk Arah Established Equivalent 26 72 Walk Button Tombol Jalan Established Equivalent 27 86 Network service Layanan Jaringan Established Equivalent 28 87 Voicemail Pesan Suara Established Equivalent 29 88 Billing Tagihan Established Equivalent For the explanation of each data, the research points out some brief explanation or definition of each SL data; then the definition shows the equivalence which appear in form of TL terminology in terms of analyzing the data, the research uses dictionary as guidance and reference. 1. Set up → Mengatur Set up or set something up: v arrange for something to happen. 2. Onoff Button → Tombol NyalaMati On: adv connected or being used. Off: adv not connected or functioning. Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc. 5. Onscreen → Layar Onscreen: adj appearing or written on the screen of a computer, television, or movie theater. Universitas Sumatera Utara 6. Button Basics → Tombol Dasar Tombol – Tombol Dasar Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc. Basic: adj most simple in nature or level. 7. Turn off → Mematikan Turn something off: phrase to stop the flow or electricity, gas or etc by using a switch, tap. 8. Restart → Memulai Ulang Re- : prefix again or back. Start: v begin something to do something. 10. Home Button → Tombol Rumah Home: n the place where something discovered, made or invented. Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc. 11. Tap → Ketuk Tap: v to hit somebody something with a quickly and lightly. 19. Incoming Call → Panggilan Masuk Incoming: adj coming in. Call: n an act of speaking to somebody on the telephone. Universitas Sumatera Utara 26 Keyword → Kata Kunci Keyword: n 1 word that tells you the central idea or subject of something. 2 word that you type into a computer to search for information about a particular subject. 32. Phone Number → Nomor Telepon Phone number = Telephone number, n number of particular telephone that you use when you make a call to it. 42. Double-tap → Mengetuk dua kali Double: adj twice as much or as many as usual. tap: v to hit somebody something quickly and lightly. 45. Magnifying Glass → Kaca Pembesar Magnifying glass: n lens for making object look bigger than they really are. 49. Notification → Pemberitahuan Notification: n the action of informing somebody about something. 50. Screen → Layar Universitas Sumatera Utara Screen: n a flat surface on a television, computer, etc on which you see pictures or information. 51. Lock Screen → Layar Terkunci Lock: v to fasten something or make something secure with a lock. Screen: n a flat surface on a television, computer, etc on which you see pictures or information. 53. Hands-free Call → Panggilan Bebas Tangan Hands-free: adj especially of telephone that can be operated without using your hands. Call: n an act of speaking to somebody on the telephone. 57. Home Screen → Layar Utama Home: n the place where something discovered made or invented. Screen: n a flat surface on a television, computer, etc on which you see pictures or information. 60. Device → Perangkat Device: n object designed to do a particular job. 62. Double-click → Mengklik dua kali Universitas Sumatera Utara Double-click: v choose a particular function or item on a computer screen, etc, by pressing one of mouse buttons twice quickly. 64. Reader Button → Tombol Pembaca Reader: n person who reads Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc. 65. Multi-page Button → Tombol Halaman Lain Multi: prefix in nouns and adjectives more than one; many. Page: n one side or both sides of sheet of paper in a book, etc. Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc. 67. Page Curl Button → Tombol Gulung Halaman Page: n one side or both sides of sheet of paper in a book, etc. Curl: n something that forms a curved or a round shape, especially a small bunch of hair. Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc. 68. Trademarks → Merek Dagang Trademarkss: n name or symbol used on a product by manufacturer. Universitas Sumatera Utara 70. Direction → Penunjuk Arah Direction: n 1. General position a person or thing moves or points towards. 2. Instructions about where to go. 72. Walk Button → Tombol Jalan Walk: n path or route for walking. Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc. 86. Network Service → Layanan Jaringan Network: n number of computers, etc linked together so that equipment and information can be shared. Service: n system or business that meets public needs. 87. Voicemail → Pesan Suara Voicemail: n an electronic system which can store telephone messages, so that somebody can listen them later. 88. Billing → Tagihan Billing: n statement of money owed for goods and services. the act of preparing and sending bills to costumer. Universitas Sumatera Utara

4.1.3.6 Generalization

Genera lization is one of translation techniques which tend to use general term to point out its meaning. Table 10: Generalization Data No. No Source Text Target Text Kind of Translation Technique 1 82 Purchase Membeli Generalization 82. Purchase → Membeli Purchase is a verb which means ‘buy something’. It has synonym with ‘buy’ and ‘get’. In this case, the translator wants to translate the word as close as possible to the general word ‘buy’, the writer of iPhone user guide tends to use the word ‘purchase’ because it is more formal than using ‘buy’. However, when it begins to translate into Indonesia; the exact meaning of the word ‘purchase’ is not clearly found. The problem is because of the deficiency of Bahasa Indonesia word and the Bahasa Indonesia people only knowing the word membeli as the general term for doing transaction using money, etc. Therefore, the translator tries to generalize the meaning of purchase into membeli in Bahasa Indonesia, because none of word in Bahasa Indonesia which represents the real meaning of ‘purchase’, except the word ‘buy’. Universitas Sumatera Utara

4.1.3.7 Literal Translation

Literal translation is a technique of translation that translate a word or an expression word for word in text. Table 11: Literal Translation Data No. No Source Text Target Text Kind of Translation Technique 1 92 Press and Hold Menekan dan Menahan Literal Translation 2 93 Make a call Melakukan Panggilan Literal Translation 3 95 Touch and Hold Sentuh dan Tahan Literal Translation 4 97 Cut, copy, and paste Potong, salin dan tempel Literal Translation 92. Press and Hold → Menekan dan Menahan Verb Conj Verb Verb Conj Verb 93. Make a call → Melakukan sebuah Panggilan Verb art Noun Verb art Noun 95. Touch and Hold → Sentuh dan Tahan Verb Conj Verb Verb Conj Verb 97. Cut, copy and Paste → Potong, salin dan tempel Verb Verb Conj Verb Verb Verb Conj Verb Universitas Sumatera Utara

4.1.3.8 Particularization

Particularization is one of translation techniques which tend to use precise term or concrete term to point out its meaning. Table 12: Particularization Data No. No Source Text Target Text Kind of Translation Technique 1 69 Rights Hak Cipta Particularization 69. Rights → Hak Cipta Rights: n the authority to perform, publish, film, etc a particular work. The word ‘rights’ is clearly noted using particularization, the reason are the meaning of this word clearly pointing out the idea and it relates to the entitlement to do something or claiming the title of product. Thus, the Bahasa Indonesia language knows the word related to the meaning, which is Hak Cipta, instead of using the word the common or general word hak, the translator tries to emphasize what the meaning of the word by using Hak cipta which is concretely suitable with the law terminology. Some of the data has more than one technique of translation used by the translator in order to get the meaning as close as possible, the following of the techniques is shown in below. Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.1.3.9 Borrowing + Established Equivalent Borrowing is one of the techniques of translation, which take a word or expression straight from another language. Borrowing basically consists of two types, first pure borrowing, which means the translation is transferred without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. And second, naturalized which means the translation is adapted with the TL translation or made as natural as possible to TL. And Established Equivalent is one of technique translation, which its term expression is recognized by dictionaries or language in use as an equivalent in the TL. Table 13: Borrowing + Established Equivalent Data No. No Source Text Target Text Kind of Translation Technique 1 12 App Icon Ikon Aplikasi Borrowing + Established Equivalent 2 17 Text Message Pesan Teks Borrowing + Established Equivalent 3 29 Message Icon Ikon Pesan Borrowing + Established Equivalent 4 46 Insertion poin Poin Sisipan Borrowing + Established Equivalent 5 47 Grab points Poin Ambil Borrowing + Established Equivalent 6 48 Web Pages Halaman Web Borrowing + Established Equivalent 7 52 Voice Control Kontrol Suara Borrowing + Established Equivalent 8 73 Bus Button Tombol Bus Borrowing + Established Equivalent 9 74 Transit Route Arah Transit Borrowing + Established Equivalent 10 89 Integrated Terintegrasi Borrowing + Established Equivalent 11 90 Setting Icon Ikon Pengaturan Borrowing + Established Equivalent 12. App Icon → Ikon Aplikasi Universitas Sumatera Utara App → Aplikasi, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is acquired from dictionary. App: abbreviation from application, n a program designed to do a particular job; a piece of software. App is an abbreviation of ‘Application’; it is not borrowing because the word is shortened. Unless, the word is not shortened or abbreviated from ‘application’, the word ‘app’ will be turned out as borrowing. Icon → Ikon, it is a borrowing technique because the word Ikon is borrowed from SL ‘Icon’ and naturalized by changing the writing system and the pronunciation. The letter ‘c’ in Icon becomes ‘k’ 17. Text Message → Pesan Teks Text → Teks, it is a borrowing technique because the word Teks is borrowed from SL ‘Text’ and naturalized by changing the writing system and the pronunciation. The letters ‘xt’ become ‘ks’. Universitas Sumatera Utara Message → Pesan, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is acquired from dictionary. Message: n a piece of information sent in electronic form, for example by email or mobile phonecell phone. Pesan is native language or TL form from the word ‘Message’ 29. Message Icon → Ikon Pesan Message → Pesan, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is acquired from dictionary. Message: n a piece of information sent in electronic form, for example by email or mobile phonecell phone Pesan is native language or TL form from the word ‘Message’. Icon → Ikon, it is a borrowing technique because the word Ikon is borrowed from SL ‘Icon’ and naturalized by changing the writing system and the pronunciation. The letter ‘c’ in Icon becomes ‘k’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 46. Insertion Poin → Poin Sisipan Insertion → Sisipan, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is acquired from dictionary. Insertion: n the act of putting something inside something else; a thing that is put inside something else. Sisipan is native language or TL form from the word Insertion. Poin → Poin, it is a borrowing technique because the word Poin is purely borrowed from SL ‘Poin’ without changing the writing system. 47. Grab Poins → Poin Ambil Grab → Ambil, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is acquired from dictionary. Grab: v to take or hold somebodysomething with your hand suddenly, firmly or roughly. Ambil is native language or TL form from the word ‘grab’ Universitas Sumatera Utara Poin → Poin, it is a borrowing technique because the word Poin is purely borrowed from SL ‘Poin’ without changing the writing system. 48. Web Pages → Halaman Web Web → Web, it is a borrowing technique because the word Web is purely borrowed from SL ‘Web’ without changing the writing system. Page → Halaman, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is acquired from dictionary. Page: n one side or both sides of sheet of paper in a book, etc. Halaman is native language or TL form from the word ‘page’. 52. Voice Control → Kontrol Suara Voice → Suara, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is acquired from dictionary. Voice: n the sound or sounds produced through mouth by a person speaking or singing. Universitas Sumatera Utara Control → Kontrol, it is a borrowing technique because the word Kontrol is borrowed from SL ‘Control’ and naturalized by changing the writing system and the pronunciation. The letter ‘c’ in Icon becomes ‘k’. 73. Bus Button → Tombol Bus Bus → Bus, it is a borrowing technique because the word Bus is purely borrowed from SL ‘Bus’ without changing the writing system. Button → Tombol Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc. Tombol is native language or TL form from the word ‘button’. 74. Transit Route → Arah Transit Transit → Transit, it is a borrowing technique because the word Transit is purely borrowed from SL ‘Transit’ without changing the writing system. Route → Arah, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is acquired from dictionary. Universitas Sumatera Utara Route: n a way that you follow to get from one place to another. a fixed way along which a bus, train, etc regularly travels or goods are regularly sent. Arah is native language or TL form from the word ‘route’. 90. Setting Icon → Ikon Pengaturan Setting → Pengaturan, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is acquired from dictionary. Setting: n a position at which the control on a machine can be set, to set speed, height, temperature, etc. Pengaturan is native language or TL form from the word ‘Setting’. Icon → Ikon, it is a borrowing technique because the word Ikon is borrowed from SL ‘Icon’ and naturalized by changing the writing system and the pronunciation. The letter ‘c’ in Icon becomes ‘k’. 4.1.3.10 Borrowing + Reduction Borrowing is one of the techniques of translation, which take a word or expression straight from another language. Borrowing basically consists of two types, first pure borrowing, which means the translation is transferred without changing the writing Universitas Sumatera Utara system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. And second, naturalized which means the translation is adapted with the TL translation or made as natural as possible to TL. And Reduction is one of the techniques of translation, which suppress a SL information item in the TL. Table 14: Borrowing + Reduction Data No. No Source Text Target Text Kind of Translation Technique 1 38 Space bar Spasi Borrowing + Reduction 38. Space Bar → Spasi Space bar: n a bar on the keyboard of a computer or typewriter that you press to make spaces between. Space is borrowed from SL ‘Space’ and naturalized by changing the writing system and the pronunciation. The letters ‘ce’ in Space’ becomes ‘si’. Commonly, Bahasa Indonesia people tend to use spasi to say ‘space bar’, thus the last word bar is omitted or discarded. 4.1.3.11 Established Equivalent + Reduction Established Equivalent is one of technique translation, which its term expression is recognized by dictionaries or language in use as an equivalent in the TL. And Universitas Sumatera Utara Reduction is one of the techniques of translation, which suppress a SL information item in the TL. Table 15: Established Equivalent + Reduction Data No. No Source Text Target Text Kind of Translation Technique 1 22 Main Home Screen Layar Utama Established Equivalent + Reduction 22. Main Home Screen → Layar Utama Main: adj being the largest or most important of its kind. Home: n the place where something discovered made or invented. Screen: n a flat surface on a television, computer, etc on which you see pictures or information. The word of ‘Main Home Screen’ uses Established Equivalent and Reduction as its technique, the translator tries to use reduction for omitting the word ‘home’ because the word ‘main’ already represents the main meaning within TL after combining with the word screen which become ‘the most important a flat surface on device which you see pictures or information.’

4.1.3.12 Amplification

Universitas Sumatera Utara The research does not find any data relates to the amplification technique of translation.

4.1.3.13 Compensation

The research does not find any data related to the compensation technique of translation.

4.1.3.14 Description

The research does not find any data related to the Description technique of translation.

4.1.3.15 Linguistic Amplification

The research does not find any data related to the linguistic amplification technique of translation.

4.1.3.16 Linguistic Compression

The research does not find any data related to the linguistic compression technique of translation. 4.1.3.17 Modulation The research does not find any data related to the modulation technique of translation.

4.1.3.18 Reduction

Universitas Sumatera Utara The research does not find any data related to the reduction technique of translation.

4.1.3.19 Substitution

The research does not find any data related to the substitution technique of translation

4.1.3.20 Transposition

The research does not find any data related to the transposition technique of translation.

4.1.3.21 Variation

The research does not find any data related to the variation technique of translation.

4.2 Findings