3.5 Data Analysis
As the thesis using descriptive method which the data is researched by describing the subject or object of material. Thus, after the process of collecting the data,
the results are analyzed in six steps : 1. First, the research is directed to answer the problem of analysis by reading, collecting
the data and comparing the data from SL text and TL. 2. Second, classifying the data and listing the data generally.
3. Third, the data is classified into the kind of technique of translation. 4. Fourth, after classifying the data based on its translation technique, the data is leaded
to identified. 5. Fifth, finding out the most dominant kind of translation technique in the material.
6. Finally, presenting the analysis of the shifts. The table is oriented to answering the problem of the analysis.
3.6 Data Percentage
In order to support the research and to figure ot the most technique of translation occurred in the user’s guide, this thesis is going to apply a formula referring to
‘Educational Statistic’, Butler 1985. Following is the formula calculating the percentage of the data.
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Table 2: Educational Statistic
X : Number of subcategory of kind of translation technique Y : Number of all data
N : The percentage of subcategory of translation technique
X
x
100 = N
Y
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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Data Description
In this chapter, the research is oriented to analyze the material, iPhone 3Gs user Guide based on the method of research and the review literature, in order to find the
kinds of translation technique proposed by Molina and Albir 2002:509-511 are applied to the material.
4.1.1 Collected Data of iPhone 3GS User Guide
Based on the research process, this research has found there are 95 occurrences of iPhone 3Gs User’s guide related about technique of translation. The data are collected
from iPhone 3Gs Quick Start Guide and the Bahasa Indonesia translation of the user guide, Petunjuk Mulai Cepat iPhone 3Gs. The chosen data can be seen in the table next
page.
Table 3: Data Collection of iPhone 3GS User Guide No
Source Text Target Text
1 Set Up
Mengatur 2
Onoff Button Tombol NyalaMati
3 Finger Tips
Semudah Menjentikkan Jari Tangan 4
Instruction Instruksi
5 Onscreen
Layar 6
Button Basics Tombol-Tombol Dasar
7 Turn Off
Mematikan 8
Restart Memulai Ulang
9 Slider
Slider
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10 Home Button
Tombol Rumah 11
Tap Ketuk
12 App Icon
Ikon Aplikasi 13
Volume Volume
14 Contact
Kontak 15
Favorites Favorite
16 Email
email 17
Text Message Pesan Teks
18 Keypad
Keypad 19
Incoming Call Panggilan Masuk
20 Headset
Headset 21
Web Web
22 Main Home Screen
Layar Utama 23
Name Nama
24 App
Aplikasi 25
Artist Artis
26 Keyword
Kata Kunci 27
Bar Status Status Bar
28 Mail
Mail 29
Message Icon Ikon Pesan
30 SMS
SMS 31
MMS MMS
32 Phone Number
Nomor Telepon 33
Mobile Phone User Pengguna Ponsel
34 Photos
Foto 35
Videos Video
36 Camera
Kamera 37
Intelligent Keyboard Papan Ketik Cerdas
38 Space bar
Spasi 39
Keyboard Papan Ketik
40 Apostropes
Apostrof 41
Contraction Kontraksi
42 Double-tap
Mengetuk Kata Dua Kali 43
Text Teks
44 Edit
Edit 45
Magnifying glass Kaca Pembesar
46 Insertion poin
Poin Sisipan
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47 Grab points
Poin Ambil 48
Web Pages Halaman Web
49 Notification
Pemberitahuan 50
Screen Layar
51 Lock screen
Layar Terkunci 52
Voice Control Kontrol Suara
53 Hands-free call
Panggilan Bebas Tangan 54
Music Musik
55 Email Photo
Email Foto 56
Tweet Tweet
57 Home Screen
Layar Utama 58
Wallpaper Wallpaper
59 Photo Stream
Stream Foto 60
Device Perangkat
61 Audio Control
Kontrol Audio 62
Double-click Mengklik dua kali
63 Element
Elemen 64
Reader Button Tombol Pembaca
65 Multi-page button
Tombol Halaman lain 66
Location Lokasi
67 Page Curl Button
Tombol Gulung Halaman 68
Trademarks Merek Dagang
69 Rights
Hak Cipta 70
Direction Penunjuk Arah
71 Route
Rute 72
Walk Button Tombol Jalan
73 Bus Button
Tombol Bus 74
Transit Route Arah Transit
75 Folder
Folder 76
Category Kategori
77 Music Videos
Video Musik 78
Preview Pratinjau
79 Calendar
Kalender 80
Documents Dokumen
81 Download
Mengunduh 82
Purchase Membeli
83 Item
Item
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84 Feature
Fitur 85
Wireless Service Provider Penyedia layanan nirkabel
86 Netwok service
Layanan Jaringan 87
Voicemail Pesan Suara
88 Billing
Tagihan 89
Integrated Terintegrasi
90 Setting Icon
Ikon Pengaturan 91
Content Konten
92 Press and Hold
Menekan dan Menahan 93
Make a Call Melakukan Panggilan
94 Touch and Hold
Sentuh dan Tahan 95
Cut, copy and Paste Potong, salin dan tempel
4.1.2 Identified Data of iPhone 3GS User Guide
After the data is collected, the research is leaded to identify the technique of the translation. The following table shows the result.
Table 4: Data identification of iPhone 3GS User Guide
No Source Text
Target Text Kind of Translation
Technique
1 Set Up
Mengatur Generalization
2 Onoff Button
Tombol NyalaMati Established Equivalent
3 Finger Tips
Semudah Menjentikkan Jari Tangan
Discursive Creation 4
Instruction Instruksi
Borrowing 5
Onscreen Layar
Established Equivalent 6
Button Basics Tombol-Tombol Dasar
Established Equivalent 7
Turn Off Mematikan
Established Equivalent 8
Restart Memulai Ulang
Established Equivalent 9
Slider Slider
Borrowing 10
Home Button Tombol Rumah
Established Equivalent 11
Tap Ketuk
Established Equivalent 12
App Icon Ikon Aplikasi
Borrowing + Reduction 13
Volume Volume
Borrowing
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14 Contact
Kontak Borrowing
15 Favorites
Favorite Borrowing
16 email
email Borrowing
17 Text Message
Pesan Teks Borrowing + Established
Equivalent 18
Keypad Keypad
Borrowing 19
Incoming Call Panggilan Masuk
Established Equivalent 20
Headset Headset
Borrowing 21
Web Web
Borrowing 22
Main Home Screen Layar Utama
Established Equivalent + Reduction
23 Name
Nama Borrowing
24 App
Aplikasi Generalization
25 Artist
Artis Borrowing
26 Keyword
Kata Kunci Established Equivalent
27 Bar Status
Status Bar Calque
28 Mail
Mail Borrowing
29 Message Icon
Ikon Pesan Borrowing + Established
Equivalent 30
SMS SMS
Borrowing 31
MMS MMS
Borrowing 32
Phone Number Nomor Telepon
Established Equivalent 33
Mobile Phone User Pengguna Ponsel
Adaptation 34
Photos Foto
Borrowing 35
Videos Video
Borrowing 36
Camera Kamera
Borrowing 37
Intelligent Keyboard
Papan Ketik Cerdas Adaptation
38 Space bar
Spasi Borrowing + Reduction
39 Keyboard
Papan Ketik Adaptation
40 Apostropes
Apostrof Borrowing
41 Contraction
Kontraksi Borrowing
42 Double-tap
Mengetuk Kata Dua Kali Established Equivalent
43 Text
Teks Borrowing
44 Edit
Edit Borrowing
45 Magnifying Glass
Kaca Pembesar Established Equivalent
46 Insertion poin
Poin Sisipan Borrowing + Established
Equivalent 47
Grab points Poin Ambil
Borrowing + Established Equivalent
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48 Web Pages
Halaman Web Borrowing + Established
Equivalent 49
Notification Pemberitahuan
Established Equivalent 50
Screen Layar
Established Equivalent 51
Lock screen Layar Terkunci
Established Equivalent 52
Voice Control Kontrol Suara
Borrowing + Established Equivalent
53 Hands-free call
Panggilan Bebas Tangan Established Equivalent
54 Music
Musik Borrowing
55 Email Photo
Email Foto Calque
56 Tweet
Tweet Borrowing
57 Home Screen
Layar Utama Established Equivalent
58 Wallpaper
Wallpaper Borrowing
59 Photo Stream
Stream Foto Calque
60 Device
Perangkat Established Equivalent
61 Audio Control
Kontrol Audio Calque
62 Double-click
Mengklik dua kali Established Equivalent
63 Element
Elemen Borrowing
64 Reader Button
Tombol Pembaca Established Equivalent
65 Multi-page button
Tombol Halaman lain Established Equivalent
66 Location
Lokasi+C88 Borrowing
67 Page Curl Button
Tombol Gulung Halaman Established Equivalent
68 Trademarks
Merek Dagang Established Equivalent
69 Rights
Hak Cipta Particularization
70 Direction
Penunjuk Arah Established Equivalent
71 Route
Rute Borrowing
72 Walk Button
Tombol Jalan Established Equivalent
73 Bus Button
Tombol Bus Borrowing + Established
Equivalent 74
Transit Route Arah Transit
Borrowing + Established Equivalent
75 Folder
Folder Borrowing
76 Category
Kategori Borrowing
77 Music Videos
Video Musik Calque
78 Preview
Pratinjau Established Equivalent
79 Calendar
Kalender Borrowing
80 Documents
Dokumen Borrowing
81 Download
Mengunduh Adaptation
82 Purchase
Membeli Generalization
83 Item
Item Borrowing
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84 Feature
Fitur Borrowing
85 Wireless Service
Provider Penyedia layanan nirkabel
Adaptation 86
Network service Layanan Jaringan
Established Equivalent 87
Voicemail Pesan Suara
Established Equivalent 88
Billing Tagihan
Established Equivalent 89
Integrated Terintegrasi
Borrowing 90
Setting Icon Ikon Pengaturan
Borrowing + Established Equivalent
91 Content
Konten Borrowing
92 Press and Hold
Menekan dan Menahan Literal Translation
93 Make a Call
Melakukan Panggilan Literal Translation
94 Touch and Hold
Sentuh dan Tahan Literal Translation
95 Cut, copy, and
paste Potong, salin dan tempel
Literal Translation
4.1.3 Classified and Analyzed Data Based On Translation Technique
The next step of this research is to classify the data, after the data is identified based on kind of translation technique. In this passage, the research adduces the
explanation of each classification which already collected. In order to support the idea, meaning and the explanation In terms of analyzing the application of established
equivalent in both SL and TL terminologies, Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Kamus Bahasa Inggris-Indonesia dan Kamus
Bahasa Indonesia-Inggris by John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily are managed to support for bringing forward the definition.
4.1.3.1 Adaptation
This technique of translation try to replaces the element of source language culture with the element of the target language culture. It tends to render a meaning into
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a word or phrase which widely known and referred to the original context that does not exist in TL.
Table 5: Adaptation Data
No. No
Source Text Target Text
Kind of Translation Technique
1 33
Mobile Phone User Pengguna Ponsel
Adaptation 2
37 Intelligent Keyboard
Papan Ketik Cerdas Adaptation
3 39
Keyboard Papan Ketik
Adaptation 4
78 Preview
Pratinjau Adaptation
5 81
Download Mengunduh
Adaptation 6
85 Wireless Service
Provider Penyedia layanan
nirkabel Adaptation
33. Mobile Phone User → Pengguna Ponsel
Mobile Phone User is changed into Pengguna Ponsel in Bahasa Indonesia. The translator tries to use a familiar word with the culture of
Indonesia who prefer to use word ponsel than telepon selular.
37. Intelligent Keyboard → Papan Ketik Cerdas
Intelligent Keyboard is changed into Papan Ketik Cerdas in Bahasa Indonesia. The translator tries to use a familiar word with the culture of
Indonesia that is Papan Ketik which actually has same concept in meaning.
39. Keyboard → Papan Ketik
Keyboard is changed into Papan Ketik in Bahasa Indonesia. The translator tries to use a familiar word with the culture of Indonesia that is
Papan Ketik which actually has same concept in meaning.
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78. Preview → Pratinjau
Preview is changed into Pratinjau in Bahasa Indonesia. The translator tries to use a local language word with the culture of Indonesia that is
Pratinjau which actually has same concept in meaning
81. Download → Mengunduh
Download is changed into Mengunduh in Bahasa Indonesia. The translator tries to use a local language word, namely mengunduh which
actually has same meaning.
85. Wireles Service Provider → Penyedia layanan nirkabel
Wireles Service Provider is changed into Penyedia layanan nirkabel in Bahasa Indonesia. The translator tries to focus on the word ‘provider’ and
changing it with a local language word, namely nirkabel which actually has same meaning.
4.1.3.2 Borrowing
Borrowing is one of the techniques of translation, which take a word or expression straight from another language. Borrowing basically consists of two types,
first pure borrowing, which means the translation is transferred without changing the writing system and the pronunciation in SL form, and second, naturalized which means
the translation is adapted with the TL translation or made as natural as possible to TL. This type changes as close as possible to the TL writing system and pronunciation.
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Table 6: Borrowing Data
No. No
Source Text Target Text
Kind of Translation Technique
1 4
Instruction Instruksi
Borrowing 2
9 Slider
Slider Borrowing
3 13
Volume Volume
Borrowing 4
14 Contact
Kontak Borrowing
5 15
Favorite Favorite
Borrowing 6
16 Email
Email Borrowing
7 18
Keypad Keypad
Borrowing 8
20 Headset
Headset Borrowing
9 21
Web Web
Borrowing 10
23 Name
Nama Borrowing
11 25
Artist Artis
Borrowing 12
28 Mail
Mail Borrowing
13 30
SMS SMS
Borrowing 14
31 MMS
MMS Borrowing
15 34
Photos Foto
Borrowing 16
35 Videos
Video Borrowing
17 36
Camera Kamera
Borrowing 18
40 Apostropes
Apostrof Borrowing
19 41
Contraction Kontraksi
Borrowing 20
43 Text
Teks Borrowing
21 44
Edit Edit
Borrowing 22
54 Music
Musik Borrowing
23 56
Tweet Tweet
Borrowing 24
58 Wallpaper
Wallpaper Borrowing
25 63
Element Elemen
Borrowing 26
66 Location
Lokasi Borrowing
27 71
Route Rute
Borrowing 28
75 Folder
Folder Borrowing
29 76
Category Kategori
Borrowing 30
79 Calendar
Kalender Borrowing
31 80
Documents Dokumen
Borrowing 32
83 Item
Item Borrowing
33 84
Feature Fitur
Borrowing
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34 89
Integrated Terintegrasi
Borrowing 35
91 Content
Konten Borrowing
4.1.3.2.1 Pure Borrowing Table 6a: Pure Borrowing
Data No.
No Source Text Target
Text Kind of Translation
Technique
1 9
Slider Slider
Pure Borrowing 2
13 Volume
Volume Pure Borrowing
3 15
Favorites Favorite
Pure Borrowing 4
16 Email
Email Pure Borrowing
5 18
Keypad Keypad
Pure Borrowing 6
20 Headset
Headset Pure Borrowing
7 21
Web Web
Pure Borrowing 8
28 Mail
Mail Pure Borrowing
9 30
SMS SMS
Pure Borrowing 10
31 MMS
MMS Pure Borrowing
11 35
Videos Video
Pure Borrowing 12
44 Edit
Edit Pure Borrowing
13 56
Tweet Tweet
Pure Borrowing 14
58 Wallpaper
Wallpaper Pure Borrowing
15 75
Folder Folder
Pure Borrowing 16
83 Item
Item Pure Borrowing
9. Slider → Slider
Slider is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘Slider’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
13. Volume → Volume
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Volume is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘volume’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
15. Favorites → Favorite
The writing of ‘favorite’ from SL into TL is rendered without changing the writing system and pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
16. Email → email
Email is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘email’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
18. Keypad → keypad
Keypad is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘keypad’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
20. Headset → Headset
Headset is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘headset’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
21. Web → Web
Web is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘email’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
28. Mail → Mail
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Mail is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘mail’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
30. SMS → SMS
SMS is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘SMS’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
31. MMS → MMS
MMS is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘MMS’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
35. Videos → Video
The writing of the terminology of SL ‘video’ does not turn into any change. The SL word is rendered into TL word without changing the writing system and
pronunciation. 44. Edit
→ Edit
Edit is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘edit’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
56. Tweet → Tweet
Edit is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘edit’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
58. Wallpaper → Wallpaper
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Wallpaper is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘wallpaper’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
75. Folder → Folder
Folder is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘folder’ without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
83. Item → Item
Item is purely borrowed from the terminology of SL ‘Item’ without changing the writing system and pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
4.1.3.2.2 Naturalized Borrowing Table 6b: Naturalized Borrowing
Data No.
No Source
Text Target Text
Kind of Translation Technique
1 4
Instruction Instruksi
Naturalized Borrowing 2
14 Contact
Kontak Naturalized Borrowing
3 23
Name Nama
Naturalized Borrowing 4
25 Artist
Artis Naturalized Borrowing
5 34
Photos Foto
Naturalized Borrowing 6
36 Camera
Kamera Naturalized Borrowing
7 40 Apostropes
Apostrof Naturalized Borrowing
8 41 Contraction
Kontraksi Naturalized Borrowing
9 43
Text Teks
Naturalized Borrowing 10
54 Music
Musik Naturalized Borrowing
11 63
Element Elemen
Naturalized Borrowing 12
66 Location
Lokasi Naturalized Borrowing
13 71
Route Rute
Naturalized Borrowing 14
76 Category
Kategori Naturalized Borrowing
15 79
Calendar Kalender
Naturalized Borrowing
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16 80 Documents
Dokumen Naturalized Borrowing
17 84
Feature Fitur
Naturalized Borrowing 18
89 Integrated
Terintegrasi Naturalized Borrowing
19 91
Content Konten
Naturalized Borrowing
4. Instruction → Instruksi
The terminology of SL ‘Instruction’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Instruksi. The SL terminology has undergone
a change in the form of TL. The suffix ‘ion’ in SL is transferred into si in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation.
14. Contact → Kontak
The terminology of SL ‘Contact’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Kontak. The SL terminology has undergone a
change in the form of TL. The letter ‘C’ in SL changes to the letter ‘K’ in TL and. The letter ‘ct’ in SL is turned into ‘k’ in order to make suitable with the TL
writing system and pronunciation. 23. Name
→ Nama
The terminology of SL ‘Nama’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Nama. The translation brings about the
transformation in the form of TL. The letter ‘e’ in the last of word ‘Name’ changes to the letter ‘a’ in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and
pronunciation.
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25. Artist → Artis
The terminology of SL ‘Artist’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Artis. The translation brings about
transformation in the form of TL. The letter ‘t’ in the SL is omitted or disappeared in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and
pronunciation. 34. Photos
→ Foto
The terminology of SL ‘Photos’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Foto. The translation brings about the
transformation in the form of TL. The letters ‘Ph’ in the SL is turned into the letter ‘f’ in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and
pronunciation. 36. Camera
→ Kamera
The terminology of SL ‘Camera’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Kamera. The translation brings about the
transformation in the form of TL. The letter ‘C’ in the SL is turned into the letter ‘K’ in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and
pronunciation. 40. Apostropes
→ Apostrof
The terminology of SL ‘Apostrophes’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Apostrof. The translation brings about
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the transformation in the form of TL. The letters ‘pes’ in the SL is turned into the letter ‘f’ in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and
pronunciation. 41. Contraction
→ Kontraksi
The terminology of SL ‘Contraction’ is translated literally with changing writing system by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Kontraksi. The
translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The letter ‘C’ in the SL is turned into the letter ‘K’ in the TL and the suffix ‘ion’ in the TL is
turned into ‘si’ in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation.
43. Text → Teks
The terminology of SL ‘Text’ is translated literally with changing writing system by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Teks. The translation
brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The letters ‘xt’ is turned into ‘ks’ in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and
pronunciation. 54. Music
→ Musik
The terminology of SL ‘Music’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Musik. The translation brings about the
transformation in the form of TL. The last letter ‘c’ in the SL is turned into ‘k’ in TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation.
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63. Element → Elemen
The terminology of SL ‘Element’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Elemen. The translation brings about the
transformation in the form of TL. The last letter ‘t’ in the SL is omitted or discarded in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and
pronunciation. 66. Location
→ Lokasi
The terminology of SL ‘Location’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Lokasi. The translation brings about the
transformation in the form of TL. the letter ‘c’ in the SL is turned into ‘k’ in the TL and the suffix ‘ion’ in the SL is turned into ‘si’ in the TL in order to make
suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 71. Route
→ Rute
The terminology of SL ‘Route’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Rute. The translation brings about the
transformation in the form of TL. The letters ‘ou’ in the SL is turned into ‘u’ in the TL in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation.
76. Catergory → Kategori
The terminology of SL ‘Category’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Kategori. The translation brings about the
transformation in the form of TL. The first letter ‘C’ of ‘Category’ is turned into
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‘K’ and the last letter ‘y’ of ‘Category’ is turned into ‘i’ in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation.
79. Calendar → Kalender
The terminology of SL ‘Calendar’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Kalender. The Translation brings about the
transformation in the form of TL. The first letter ‘C’ of ‘Calendar’ is turned into ‘K’ and the second letter ‘a’ is turned into ‘e’ in order to make suitable with the
TL writing system and pronunciation. 80. Documents
→ Dokumen
The terminology of SL ‘Documents’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Dokumen. The translation brings about
the transformation in the form of TL. The letter ‘c’ in the SL is turned into ‘k; in the TL and the last letter ‘t’ is omitted or discarded in order to make suitable with
the TL writing system and pronunciation. 84. Feature
→ Fitur
The terminology of SL ‘Feature’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Fitur. The translation brings about the
transformation in the form of TL. The letter ‘ea’ in the SL is turned into ‘i’ in the TL and the last letter ‘e’ in the SL is omitted or discarded in order to make
suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 89. Integrated
→ Terintegrasi
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The terminology of SL ‘Integrated’ is translated literally by changing the writing system and the pronunciation into Terintegrasi. The translation brings about the
transformation in the form of TL. The last letter ‘ed’ in the SL is turned into ‘si’ in the TL and the first letter ‘ter’ in the TL is added in order to make suitable
with the TL writing system and pronunciation. 91. Content
→ Konten
The terminology of SL ‘content’ is translated into Konten. The translation brings about the transformation in the form of TL. The letter ‘C’ in the SL is turned into
‘K’ in the TL and the last letter‘t’ in the SL is omitted or discarded in order to make suitable with the TL writing system and pronunciation.
4.1.3.3 Calque
Calque is one of the techniques of translation that its foreign word or phrase is literally translated.
Table 7: Calque Data
No. No
Source Text Target Text
Kind of Translation Technique
1 27
Bar Status Status Bar
Calque 2
55 Email Photo
Email Foto Calque
3 59
Photo Stream Stream Foto
Calque 4
61 Audio Control
Kontrol Audio Calque
5 77
Music Videos Video Musik
Calque
12. Bar Status → Status Bar
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‘Bar status’ is turned with linear substitution into the target language. ‘Bar’ as the first word of SL changes to second word in TL and ‘Status’ as the second of
SL changes to first word in the TL. Both of items use the borrowing technique translation. Thus, they are imported from SL purely.
55. Email Photo → Email Foto
‘Email Photo’ is turned with linear substitution into the target language. ‘Email’ as the first word of SL changes to the second word in TL and ‘Photo’ as the
second of SL changes to the first word in the TL, however the word ‘photo’, especially the letters ‘ph’ is transformed into ‘f’ to make more accustomed with
TL. Both of items use the borrowing technique translation. 59. Photo Stream
→ Stream Foto
‘Photo Stream’ is transformed with linear substitution into the target language. ‘Photo’ as the first word of SL changes to second word in the TL; then, the word
‘photo’, especially the letters ‘ph’ is transformed into ‘f’ to make more accustomed with TL and ‘Stream’ as the second of SL changes to first word in
the TL. Both of items use the borrowing technique translation. 61. Audio Control
→ Kontrol Audio
‘Audio Control’ is turned with linear substitution into the target language. ‘Audio’ as the first word of SL changes to second word in TL and ‘Control’ as
the second of SL changes to first word in the TL, however the word ‘Control’,
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especially the letter ‘c’ is transformed into ‘k’ to make more accustomed with TL. Both of items use the borrowing technique translation.
77. Music Videos → Video Musik
‘Music Videos’ is transformed with linear substitution into target language. ‘Music’ as the first word of SL changes to second word in TL, however the word
‘Music’, especially the last letter ‘c’ is transformed into ‘k’ to make more accustomed with TL and ‘Video’ as the second of SL changes to first word in the
TL. Both of items use the borrowing technique translation.
4.1.3.4 Discursive Creation
Discursive Creation is one of translation techniques which establish a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context.
Table 8: Discursive Creation Data
No. No Source Text
Target Text Kind of Translation
Technique
1 3
Finger Tips Semudah Menjentikkan Jari
Tangan Discursive Creation
3. Finger Tips → Semudah Menjentikkan Jari Tangan
Phrase Clause
Based on grammatical structure, Finger Tips is a phrase and it turns into Semudah Menjentikkan Jari Tangan which is a clause. When Finger Tips is
translated literally with changing writing system in Bahasa Indonesia it becomes
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Tips Jari or Petunjuk Jari. In order to make the meaning more acceptable to the reader, the translator tries to extend the phrase become clause and makes
equivalence in TL by giving additional information as well.
4.1.3.5 Established Equivalent
Established Equivalent is one of technique translation, which its term expression is recognized by dictionaries or language in use as an equivalent in the TL.
Table 9: Established Equivalent Data
No. No
Source Text Target Text
Kind of Translation Technique
1 1
Set up Mengatur
Established Equivalent 2
2 Onoff Button
Tombol NyalaMati Established Equivalent
3 5
Onscreen Layar
Established Equivalent 4
6 Button Basics
Tombol-Tombol Dasar Established Equivalent
5 7
Turn Off Mematikan
Established Equivalent 6
8 Restart
Memulai Ulang Established Equivalent
7 10
Home Button Tombol Rumah
Established Equivalent 8
11 Tap
Ketuk Established Equivalent
9 19
Incoming Call Panggilan Masuk
Established Equivalent 10
26 Keyword
Kata Kunci Established Equivalent
11 32
Phone Number Nomor Telepon
Established Equivalent 12
42 Double-tap
Mengetuk Kata Dua Kali Established Equivalent
13 45
Magnifying glass Kaca Pembesar
Established Equivalent 14
49 Notification
Pemberitahuan Established Equivalent
15 50
Screen Layar
Established Equivalent 16
51 Lock screen
Layar Terkunci Established Equivalent
17 53
Hands-free call Panggilan Bebas Tangan
Established Equivalent 18
57 Home Screen
Layar Utama Established Equivalent
19 60
Device Perangkat
Established Equivalent 20
62 Double-click
Mengklik dua kali Established Equivalent
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21 64
Reader Button Tombol Pembaca
Established Equivalent 22
65 Multi-page button
Tombol Halaman lain Established Equivalent
23 67
Page Curl Button Tombol Gulung Halaman
Established Equivalent 24
68 Trademarks
Merek Dagang Established Equivalent
25 70
Direction Penunjuk Arah
Established Equivalent 26
72 Walk Button
Tombol Jalan Established Equivalent
27 86
Network service Layanan Jaringan
Established Equivalent 28
87 Voicemail
Pesan Suara Established Equivalent
29 88
Billing Tagihan
Established Equivalent
For the explanation of each data, the research points out some brief explanation or definition of each SL data; then the definition shows the equivalence which appear in
form of TL terminology in terms of analyzing the data, the research uses dictionary as guidance and reference.
1. Set up → Mengatur
Set up or set something up: v arrange for something to happen. 2. Onoff Button
→ Tombol NyalaMati
On: adv connected or being used. Off: adv not connected or functioning.
Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc. 5. Onscreen
→ Layar
Onscreen: adj appearing or written on the screen of a computer, television, or movie theater.
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6. Button Basics → Tombol Dasar Tombol – Tombol Dasar
Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc. Basic: adj most simple in nature or level.
7. Turn off → Mematikan
Turn something off: phrase to stop the flow or electricity, gas or etc by using a switch, tap.
8. Restart → Memulai Ulang
Re- : prefix again or back. Start: v begin something to do something.
10. Home Button → Tombol Rumah
Home: n the place where something discovered, made or invented. Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc.
11. Tap → Ketuk
Tap: v to hit somebody something with a quickly and lightly. 19. Incoming Call
→ Panggilan Masuk
Incoming: adj coming in. Call: n an act of speaking to somebody on the telephone.
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26 Keyword → Kata Kunci
Keyword: n 1 word that tells you the central idea or subject of something.
2 word that you type into a computer to search for information about a particular subject.
32. Phone Number → Nomor Telepon
Phone number = Telephone number, n number of particular telephone that you use when you make a
call to it. 42. Double-tap
→ Mengetuk dua kali
Double: adj twice as much or as many as usual. tap: v to hit somebody something quickly and lightly.
45. Magnifying Glass → Kaca Pembesar
Magnifying glass: n lens for making object look bigger than they really are.
49. Notification → Pemberitahuan
Notification: n the action of informing somebody about something. 50. Screen
→ Layar
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Screen: n a flat surface on a television, computer, etc on which you see pictures or information.
51. Lock Screen → Layar Terkunci
Lock: v to fasten something or make something secure with a lock. Screen: n a flat surface on a television, computer, etc on which you see
pictures or information. 53. Hands-free Call
→ Panggilan Bebas Tangan
Hands-free: adj especially of telephone that can be operated without using your hands.
Call: n an act of speaking to somebody on the telephone. 57. Home Screen
→ Layar Utama
Home: n the place where something discovered made or invented. Screen: n a flat surface on a television, computer, etc on which you see
pictures or information. 60. Device
→ Perangkat
Device: n object designed to do a particular job. 62. Double-click
→ Mengklik dua kali
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Double-click: v choose a particular function or item on a computer screen, etc, by pressing one of mouse buttons twice
quickly. 64. Reader Button
→ Tombol Pembaca
Reader: n person who reads Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc.
65. Multi-page Button → Tombol Halaman Lain
Multi: prefix in nouns and adjectives more than one; many. Page: n one side or both sides of sheet of paper in a book, etc.
Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc. 67. Page Curl Button
→ Tombol Gulung Halaman
Page: n one side or both sides of sheet of paper in a book, etc. Curl: n something that forms a curved or a round shape, especially a
small bunch of hair. Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc.
68. Trademarks → Merek Dagang
Trademarkss: n name or symbol used on a product by manufacturer.
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70. Direction → Penunjuk Arah
Direction: n 1. General position a person or thing moves or points towards.
2. Instructions about where to go. 72. Walk Button
→ Tombol Jalan
Walk: n path or route for walking. Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc.
86. Network Service → Layanan Jaringan
Network: n number of computers, etc linked together so that equipment and information can be shared.
Service: n system or business that meets public needs. 87. Voicemail
→ Pesan Suara
Voicemail: n an electronic system which can store telephone messages, so that somebody can listen them later.
88. Billing → Tagihan
Billing: n statement of money owed for goods and services. the act of preparing and sending bills to costumer.
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4.1.3.6 Generalization
Genera lization is one of translation techniques which tend to use general term to point out its meaning.
Table 10: Generalization Data
No. No Source Text
Target Text Kind of Translation Technique
1 82
Purchase Membeli
Generalization
82. Purchase → Membeli
Purchase is a verb which means ‘buy something’. It has synonym with ‘buy’ and ‘get’. In this case, the translator wants to translate the word as close as possible to
the general word ‘buy’, the writer of iPhone user guide tends to use the word ‘purchase’ because it is more formal than using ‘buy’. However, when it begins
to translate into Indonesia; the exact meaning of the word ‘purchase’ is not clearly found. The problem is because of the deficiency of Bahasa Indonesia
word and the Bahasa Indonesia people only knowing the word membeli as the general term for doing transaction using money, etc. Therefore, the translator
tries to generalize the meaning of purchase into membeli in Bahasa Indonesia, because none of word in Bahasa Indonesia which represents the real meaning of
‘purchase’, except the word ‘buy’.
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4.1.3.7 Literal Translation
Literal translation is a technique of translation that translate a word or an expression word for word in text.
Table 11: Literal Translation Data
No.
No Source Text
Target Text Kind of Translation
Technique
1 92
Press and Hold Menekan dan
Menahan Literal Translation
2 93
Make a call Melakukan Panggilan
Literal Translation 3
95 Touch and Hold
Sentuh dan Tahan Literal Translation
4 97
Cut, copy, and paste
Potong, salin dan tempel
Literal Translation
92. Press and Hold → Menekan dan Menahan
Verb Conj Verb Verb Conj Verb 93. Make a call
→ Melakukan sebuah Panggilan Verb art Noun
Verb art
Noun 95. Touch and Hold
→ Sentuh dan Tahan Verb Conj Verb Verb Conj Verb
97. Cut, copy and Paste → Potong, salin dan tempel
Verb Verb Conj Verb Verb Verb Conj Verb
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4.1.3.8 Particularization
Particularization is one of translation techniques which tend to use precise term or concrete term to point out its meaning.
Table 12: Particularization Data
No. No Source Text
Target Text Kind of Translation Technique
1 69
Rights Hak Cipta
Particularization
69. Rights → Hak Cipta
Rights: n the authority to perform, publish, film, etc a particular work. The word ‘rights’ is clearly noted using particularization, the reason are the meaning of this
word clearly pointing out the idea and it relates to the entitlement to do something or claiming the title of product. Thus, the Bahasa Indonesia language
knows the word related to the meaning, which is Hak Cipta, instead of using the word the common or general word hak, the translator tries to emphasize what the
meaning of the word by using Hak cipta which is concretely suitable with the law terminology.
Some of the data has more than one technique of translation used by the translator in order to get the meaning as close as possible, the following of the
techniques is shown in below.
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4.1.3.9 Borrowing + Established Equivalent
Borrowing is one of the techniques of translation, which take a word or expression straight from another language. Borrowing basically consists of two
types, first pure borrowing, which means the translation is transferred without changing the writing system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form.
And second, naturalized which means the translation is adapted with the TL translation or made as natural as possible to TL. And Established Equivalent is
one of technique translation, which its term expression is recognized by dictionaries or language in use as an equivalent in the TL.
Table 13: Borrowing + Established Equivalent Data
No. No
Source Text Target Text
Kind of Translation Technique
1 12
App Icon Ikon Aplikasi
Borrowing + Established Equivalent 2
17 Text Message
Pesan Teks Borrowing + Established Equivalent
3 29
Message Icon Ikon Pesan
Borrowing + Established Equivalent 4
46 Insertion poin
Poin Sisipan Borrowing + Established Equivalent
5 47
Grab points Poin Ambil
Borrowing + Established Equivalent 6
48 Web Pages
Halaman Web Borrowing + Established Equivalent
7 52
Voice Control Kontrol Suara
Borrowing + Established Equivalent 8
73 Bus Button
Tombol Bus Borrowing + Established Equivalent
9 74
Transit Route Arah Transit
Borrowing + Established Equivalent 10
89 Integrated
Terintegrasi Borrowing + Established Equivalent
11 90
Setting Icon Ikon Pengaturan
Borrowing + Established Equivalent
12. App Icon → Ikon Aplikasi
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App → Aplikasi, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is
acquired from dictionary. App: abbreviation from application, n a program designed to do a
particular job; a piece of software.
App is an abbreviation of ‘Application’; it is not borrowing because the word is shortened. Unless, the word is not shortened or abbreviated from
‘application’, the word ‘app’ will be turned out as borrowing.
Icon → Ikon, it is a borrowing technique because the word Ikon is
borrowed from SL ‘Icon’ and naturalized by changing the writing system and the pronunciation. The letter ‘c’ in Icon becomes ‘k’
17. Text Message → Pesan Teks
Text → Teks, it is a borrowing technique because the word Teks is
borrowed from SL ‘Text’ and naturalized by changing the writing system and the pronunciation. The letters ‘xt’ become ‘ks’.
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Message → Pesan, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is
acquired from dictionary.
Message: n a piece of information sent in electronic form, for example by email or mobile phonecell phone.
Pesan is native language or TL form from the word ‘Message’
29. Message Icon → Ikon Pesan
Message → Pesan, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is
acquired from dictionary.
Message: n a piece of information sent in electronic form, for example by email or mobile phonecell phone
Pesan is native language or TL form from the word ‘Message’.
Icon → Ikon, it is a borrowing technique because the word Ikon is
borrowed from SL ‘Icon’ and naturalized by changing the writing system and the pronunciation. The letter ‘c’ in Icon becomes ‘k’
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46. Insertion Poin → Poin Sisipan
Insertion → Sisipan, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning
is acquired from dictionary.
Insertion: n the act of putting something inside something else; a thing that is put inside something else.
Sisipan is native language or TL form from the word Insertion.
Poin → Poin, it is a borrowing technique because the word Poin is purely
borrowed from SL ‘Poin’ without changing the writing system.
47. Grab Poins → Poin Ambil
Grab → Ambil, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is
acquired from dictionary. Grab: v to take or hold somebodysomething with your hand suddenly,
firmly or roughly. Ambil is native language or TL form from the word ‘grab’
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Poin → Poin, it is a borrowing technique because the word Poin is purely
borrowed from SL ‘Poin’ without changing the writing system.
48. Web Pages → Halaman Web
Web → Web, it is a borrowing technique because the word Web is purely
borrowed from SL ‘Web’ without changing the writing system.
Page → Halaman, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is
acquired from dictionary. Page: n one side or both sides of sheet of paper in a book, etc.
Halaman is native language or TL form from the word ‘page’. 52. Voice Control
→ Kontrol Suara
Voice → Suara, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is
acquired from dictionary.
Voice: n the sound or sounds produced through mouth by a person speaking or singing.
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Control → Kontrol, it is a borrowing technique because the word Kontrol
is borrowed from SL ‘Control’ and naturalized by changing the writing system and the pronunciation. The letter ‘c’ in Icon becomes ‘k’.
73. Bus Button → Tombol Bus
Bus → Bus, it is a borrowing technique because the word Bus is purely
borrowed from SL ‘Bus’ without changing the writing system.
Button → Tombol
Button: n small knob that is pressed to operate a machine, bell, etc. Tombol is native language or TL form from the word ‘button’.
74. Transit Route → Arah Transit
Transit → Transit, it is a borrowing technique because the word Transit
is purely borrowed from SL ‘Transit’ without changing the writing system.
Route → Arah, it is an established equivalent, because the meaning is
acquired from dictionary.
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Route: n a way that you follow to get from one place to another. a fixed way along which a bus, train, etc regularly travels or
goods are regularly sent. Arah is native language or TL form from the word ‘route’.
90. Setting Icon → Ikon Pengaturan
Setting → Pengaturan, it is an established equivalent, because the
meaning is acquired from dictionary. Setting: n a position at which the control on a machine can be set, to set
speed, height, temperature, etc.
Pengaturan is native language or TL form from the word ‘Setting’.
Icon → Ikon, it is a borrowing technique because the word Ikon is
borrowed from SL ‘Icon’ and naturalized by changing the writing system and the pronunciation. The letter ‘c’ in Icon becomes ‘k’.
4.1.3.10 Borrowing + Reduction
Borrowing is one of the techniques of translation, which take a word or expression straight from another language. Borrowing basically consists of two types, first pure
borrowing, which means the translation is transferred without changing the writing
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system and the pronunciation after rendered in TL form. And second, naturalized which means the translation is adapted with the TL translation or made as natural as possible to
TL. And Reduction is one of the techniques of translation, which suppress a SL information item in the TL.
Table 14: Borrowing + Reduction Data
No. No Source Text
Target Text Kind of Translation Technique
1 38
Space bar Spasi
Borrowing + Reduction
38. Space Bar → Spasi
Space bar: n a bar on the keyboard of a computer or typewriter that you press to make spaces between.
Space is borrowed from SL ‘Space’ and naturalized by changing the writing system and the pronunciation. The letters ‘ce’ in Space’ becomes
‘si’. Commonly, Bahasa Indonesia people tend to use spasi to say ‘space bar’, thus the last word bar is omitted or discarded.
4.1.3.11 Established Equivalent + Reduction
Established Equivalent is one of technique translation, which its term expression is recognized by dictionaries or language in use as an equivalent in the TL. And
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Reduction is one of the techniques of translation, which suppress a SL information item in the TL.
Table 15: Established Equivalent + Reduction Data
No. No
Source Text Target Text
Kind of Translation Technique
1 22
Main Home Screen Layar Utama
Established Equivalent + Reduction
22. Main Home Screen → Layar Utama
Main: adj being the largest or most important of its kind. Home: n the place where something discovered made or invented.
Screen: n a flat surface on a television, computer, etc on which you see pictures or information.
The word of ‘Main Home Screen’ uses Established Equivalent and Reduction as its technique, the translator tries to use reduction for omitting the word ‘home’ because
the word ‘main’ already represents the main meaning within TL after combining with the word screen which become ‘the most important a flat surface on device
which you see pictures or information.’
4.1.3.12 Amplification
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The research does not find any data relates to the amplification technique of translation.
4.1.3.13 Compensation
The research does not find any data related to the compensation technique of translation.
4.1.3.14 Description
The research does not find any data related to the Description technique of translation.
4.1.3.15 Linguistic Amplification
The research does not find any data related to the linguistic amplification technique of translation.
4.1.3.16 Linguistic Compression
The research does not find any data related to the linguistic compression
technique of translation. 4.1.3.17 Modulation
The research does not find any data related to the modulation technique of translation.
4.1.3.18 Reduction
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The research does not find any data related to the reduction technique of translation.
4.1.3.19 Substitution
The research does not find any data related to the substitution technique of translation
4.1.3.20 Transposition
The research does not find any data related to the transposition technique of translation.
4.1.3.21 Variation
The research does not find any data related to the variation technique of translation.
4.2 Findings