Based on the connection between language and culture, Beekman and Callow in Silalahi 2012:11 states that penerjemahan adalah mengkomunikasikan satu pesan dari
satu bahasa ke bahasa yang berbeda. Translation is to communicate one message from one language to another different language. The definition by Callow is clearly stated
that translation is one of activity which tries to bring culture from one nation into another different culture of the nation.
Substantiating Callow’s definition on translation relates to the function of translation, Newmark 1988:10 states “Translation is now used as much to transit
knowledge and to create understanding between groups and nations, as to transmit culture.” From Newmark’s statement, it clearly confirms and supports the function of
translation which is not only just to render one message of language to another language, but also more dealing with the aspect of culture; thus, the message through which the
real writer conveys would be directly sent to the reader without any misconception.
2.3 Process of Translations
Nida in Venutti 2000:131 says “Live languages are constantly changing and stylistic preferences undergoes continual modification. Thus, a translation acceptable in
one period is often quite acceptable at a later time.” The statement of Nida indicates us that the life of language always follows the development of the world and time as well
as the translation does. The life of language is in line with the process of translation as the way
conveying information to another individual or group. Translator and translation are two nouns which cannot be separated. Furthermore, relating with the translator as the subject
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who carry on the translation, the translator should acknowledge transferring a written message from a source language into the target language without changing the meaning
of the source language. So to speak, translating is not something easy to do, because it requires process to do.
De Groot in Silalahi 2012:11 defines the translation as “sebagai kegiatan merumuskan kembali teks tulis bahasa sumber dalam teks tulis bahasa sasaran.” An
activity which re-formulating the source text into the target language. Groot’s definition of translation brings out translation as a process to recreate or reproduce new form of
source target which applied in target language. Furthermore, supporting the idea of Groot’s definition, Nida in Venutti
2000:127, in his book Principles of Correspondence, states about some factor while translating sort of text; consist of 1 the nature of the message, 2 the purpose or
purposes of the author and, by proxy, of the translator, and 3 the type of audience. Groot’s definition and Nida’s factors in translating refer to a linguistic operation
done by translator to transfer the message from the source text into the target language and the linguistic operation is embodied into three stages as Nida and Taber 1989:33
says 1 Analyzing, in terms of comprehending the grammatical relationship and meaning of words and combinations of words, 2 Transferring, related to how the
translator consider the analyzed material, then rendering the material from SL to TL, and 3 Restructuring, in terms of organizing the material to make the message more
acceptable to TL.
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Supporting the idea which proposed by Nida, Nababan in Muchtar 2013:19 states that the translation process is divided into three steps, namely:
1. Analysis
The most determinant steps for translator, because it is dealt with the context, message, and meaning which is within TL and decision which translator
would apply in transferring step. 2.
Transferring Transferring is the next step after analyzing which done by the translator to
render the content, message or meaning which is contained in SL into TL. 3.
Restructuring The last step in translating process in which the translator set in motion to re-
arrange the content, meaning and message which obtained from SL and the translator re-writes the result into text.
Comprehending the text and what the purpose of the text is compulsory as Katharina Reiss in Venutti 2000:162 says about decision making in translation, ”in
order to place a functionally equivalent TL text beside an SL text the translator should clarify the functions of the SL text.”
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Bell 1991:21 confirms his idea about translation by adducing clear image which shows the process for the translator to come by. Commonly, Bell shows the
process of translation with the diagram below :
Table 1 : The Diagram of Translation Process by Bell 1991:21
The diagram adduces brief explanation about the process of translation. In the beginning of translation, translator prepares the text which wants to be applied; then
translator needs to analyze step by step. First step, some part in the text which is in clause form identified based on syntax analysis. Yule 1996:4 states that syntax is the
study of the relationships between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in sequence, and which sequences are well-formed. Furthermore, identifying based on semantics;
related to semantics, Yule 1996:4 states that semantics is the study of relationships between linguistic form entities in the world; that is how words literally connect to
things, in terms of finding the meaning conducted in the clause forms. Nevertheless, while identifying the meaning within the clause form, it has to consider the context, in
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favor of preventing misconception of meaning. Next step is to analyze the pragmatics; in order to acknowledge the purpose of source text, the structure of thematic in source text
and the style of the source text; as Yule 1996:4 states that pragmatics is the study of relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. This step will bring
forward some option for the translator to determine what the best choice for the text to translate whether to maintain or to change the purpose, the structure and the style of the
source text.
2.3.1 Translation Approach
The Translation Approach is related to the way of the translator to overtake the translation problem; furthermore, leading to the good translation. While translating,
translator can choose the best approach for a translation, if translator starts translating from the lowest linguistic unit word to the sentence, the translator try applying down-
top approach or bottom-up approach see Baker 1992:6. Otherwise, the translator tries to start from the highest linguistic unit sentence to word. The approach is top-down
approach. Nord in Silalahi 2012:20, has stated about the five steps in top-down approach,
namely: 1.
Text function-in-situation 2.
Cultural norms and conventions 3.
Linguistic structures 4.
Context 5.
Translator
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According to Nord about the top-down approach; firstly, analyze the problem in the text based on the function and cultural situation in target language. Then, the translator
should decide how the translation is adjusted to the cultural norms and customs from the target language. Furthermore, adjusting the equivalence of the source language and the
target language is the priority; in terms of preventing misunderstanding in the context. The decision to adjust the equivalence in text makes some limitation for the translator
applying technique and methods of translation in the text. Top-down approach is ideal approach and theoretically, this approach tends to
concern the process of transferring the highest linguistic unit; that is text Silalahi 2012:22. Newmark also supports the using of the top-down approach as the guidance
for the translator to apply into the translation, Newmark in Silalahi 2012:21 says, “ The second approach to translating is top to bottom, which every translation teacher
recommends and the poor students follow, but perhaps few instinctive translators practice.”
2.3.2 Strategy of Translation
“Strategi penerjemahan merupakan bagian dari proses penerjemahan”, says Silalahi 2012:22. Strategy of translation is also one of the vital parts before translating
process. She also states that the strategy of translation is applied when the translation process occurs. Furthermore, strategy of translation is the step for translator to go by; in
order to solve certain cases in translation.
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Gerloff in Gandomkar and Karimnia 2013:23 has classified the strategy of translation into seven points:
1. Problem identification.
On this stage, a translator tries to identify words in the text by using dictionary, encyclopedia, grammars, online databases.
2. Linguistic analysis.
The translator analyzes the syntax and lexical structures. The understanding and comprehending the SL is very important at this stage.
3. Storage and retrieval.
The translator searches memory for SL or TL equivalents in a dictionary or online databases, identifies recognized word or unrecognized word.
4. General search and selection.
The translator repeats pronunciation of linguistic units in SL or TL, find and give its synonyms, its alternative meaning or tentative meanings.
5. Text inferencing and reasoning
The translator uses his knowledge and experience to answer the problem, make hypotheses, and decide the meaning of the word which the translator got from
other sources. 6.
Text contextualization. The translator emphasizes the object of translation by restating prior information
obtained from the text. Then, begin to editing process.
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7. Task monitoring.
The translator conducts check and re-check progress, the translator makes comments and personal opinions on information in the text. As consideration, the
translator may order eligible translator to read the result of translation; then, making comments toward the text.
2.4 The Ideology of Translation
