Limitation of the Problems Formulation of the Problem

conventions different from written language Burns Joyce, 1997; Carter McCarthy, 1995; Cohen, 1996. Brown 2001: 267 cites that when someone can speak a language it means that he can carry on a conversation reasonably competently. In addition, he states that the benchmark of successful acquisition of language is almost always the demonstration of an ability to accomplish pragmatic goals through an interactive discourse with other language speakers. Brown 2007: 237 also states that social contact in interactive language functions is a key importance and in which it is not what you say that counts but how you say it what you convey with body language, gestures, eye contact, physical distance and other nonverbal messages. There are three components to make fluent in producing speech, namely vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar. According to Walter 1973:11, speaking is one way of learning about one self. In speaking, someone must face problems that have history and relatively to other people, groups, and the predictions we have formed for living together. According to Nunan 1989: 32, successful oral communication involves several points as presented below. 1 The ability to articulate phonological features of the language comprehensibly. 2 Mastery of stress, rhythm, intonation patterns. 3 An acceptable degree of fluency. 4 Transactional and interpersonal skills. 5 Skills in taking short and long speaking turns. 6 Skills in the management of interaction. 7 Skills in negotiating meaning. 8 Conversational listening skills successful conversations require good listeners as well as good speakers. 9 Skills in knowing about and negotiating purposes for conversations. 10 Using appropriate conversational formulae and fillers. According to Hornby 1995:826, speaking is making use of words in an ordinary voice, offering words, knowing and being able to use a language expressing one-self in words, and making speech. Therefore the writer infers that speaking uses the word and produces the sound to express ourselves either ideas, feeling, thought and needs orally in an ordinary voice. Furthermore, success in communication is often dependent as much on the listener as on the speaker. According to Harmer 2001, when discussing the elements of speaking that are necessary for fluent oral production, distinguishes between two aspects – knowledge of ‘language features’, and the ability to process information on the spot, it means ‘mentalsocial processing’. The first aspect, language features, necessary for spoken production according to Harmer 2001, 269-270 are presented below. 1 Connected speech – conveying fluent connected speech including assimilation, elision, linking ‘r’, contractions and stress patterning – weakened sounds;