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should be used, or how language change occurs and spreads to communities. To answer these questions related to language as social activity, sociolinguists often use
ethnographic methods. That is, they attempt to gain an understanding of the values and viewpoints of a community in order to explain the behaviors and attitudes of its
members.
2.3 Language Choice
Language choice depends on some factors such as participants, setting, topic, and so on Sumarsono and Paina 2002: 199. Evan Tripp 1972 in Faturrohman
2009 identified four main factors in language choice, they are setting time and place and situation, participants in the interaction, topic of the conversation, and
interaction functions. Brown Ford 1961, Sibayan 1984, and Rubin 1972 have done a research about it, and they conclude that in some reasons, they are intimacy
level, social statue, situation formal or informal, and location. Fishman’s 1964: 1972a concept of domains language choice behavior was a
major breakthrough in the sociolinguistics study of language choice behavior. He describes language choice behavior in stable bilingual setting in terms of the domain
allocation of languages a varieties. Domains are linked to particular linguistic varieties where they. As compared to social situations, are abstractions from the
intersection between specific role relationships statuses, specific settings locales and specific topics.
In some cases, language choice behavior may be motivated by a particular social processes. More recently Scotton 1980, 1983 has proposed another different
model to explain language choice behavior. By what she has called a ‘social process’ model, one pattern of linguistic behavior is linked with another pattern of behavior
which establishes the right and obligations holding between participants in a
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conversational exchange. Scotton claims further that language choices are not a function of situation but rather the function of negotiation, and sees speaking as ‘a
rational process involving decisions’ Scotton, 1983: 115. According to Scotton, speakers’ communicative competence will include
their recognition of code choices as either unmarked or marked in reference to the norms of their speech community. She adds that community norms ‘designate
specific linguistics choice as the unmarked realization of a specific set of rights and obligations holding between a speaker and addressee’ Scotton 1983: 115.
In all multilingual communities speakers switch among languages or varieties as monolinguals switch among styles. Language choice is not arbitrary and not all
speech communities are organized in the same way Romaine 1994: 36. Often this kind of social meaning can only be interpreted by the understanding of what
relationship exists between the choices of the particular code to some factors other than linguistic factors, example social as well as situational factors.
In fact, sociolinguistic literature has documented several studies which have made use of situational dimensions, social networks, role relations and domains of
language behavior to describe the patterns of language choice behavior in various kinds of bilingual and multilingual communities. The choice of styles or language or
even the use of appropriate address and kinship terms may indicate the type of social relationship held between interlocutors.
2.4 Speech Community
Every person comes from a community, that they already familiar with their characteristics about the way they talk in a single language. The members must be
share knowledge and attitude towards the language use patterns of others as well as themselves. This community is called speech community. Spolsky 1998 : 24 also
