Locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary act

3 Commissive It is a kind of speech act used by a speaker to make himself does some future actions Yule, 1996:54. For example, the speaker promises to his friend by uttering “I’ll be back” which means that he commits himself to do a future action which is coming back to pick up his friend. Thus, commisives are the expressions of a speaker ’s intention. The expression such as promise, threat, and refusal are parts of this class. 4 Expressive According to Searle 1979:15, expressives are the expressions of a speaker ’s psychological state. It is a kind of speech act which expresses the speaker’s feeling. It can be the expression of pleasure, pain or sorrow. The expressions which belong to this class are the expression of regret, condolence,and gratitude. For example, a speaker says “I’m really sorry” to express his feeling when he made a mistake. Another example is when a speaker expresses his gratitude by saying “Thank you so much”. 5 Declaration It is a type of speech act that can be used by a speaker to change the current state of world via his utterance Yule, 1964:53. Cruse 2006: 62 gives the example, when a priest succesfully points the hearer as a husband and wife by stating “I now pronounce you as a husband and wife” then automatically they will be husband and wife. This utterance can only be performed by priest in a wedding ceremonial otherwise it has no effect at all.

c. Speech Act of Command

Speech act of command is a part of directive class of speech act. Since directive speech act has the basic function to make someone do some future action for the speaker, therefore, command possesses the same function. According to Searle 1979:3, command and request have the same illocutionary point or purpose. Both attempt to make someone do something. However, they differ in terms of their illocutionary force. When a speaker performs a command, he assumes that the hearer has the duty to carry out the command. In summary, a command can only be performed by someone who has the duty or authority over the addressee Cruse, 2006:62. Moreover, it should be performed in the right circumstances. There are certain expected or appropriate circumstances for the performance of speech act which are technically known as felicity condition Yule, 1996:50. Since speech act of command may threat the hearer ’s face, the application of politeness strategies are therefore needed to redress the negative impact.

3. Face

According to Goffman 1967:5, face is a positive social value of a person that he claims for himself. It is an image of self that a person shows to fulfill the social norms. Yule 1996:60 adds that the term face refers to the public self image which contains both emotional and social sense that everyone wants to maintain.