POLITENESS STRATEGIES OF COMMANDS USED BY VANESSA KELLER AND DARIUS HAYES IN THE FIRST SEASON OF THE LOTTERY TV SERIES.

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and Literature

Written by:

Fajar Subekti Zulkarnain

11211141004

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

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PERNYATAAN

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya

Nama : Fajar Subekti Zulkarnain

NIM : 11211141004

Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris

Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Universitas Negri Yogyakarta

Judul Skripsi : POLITENESS STRATEGIES OF COMMANDS USED BY

VANESSA KELLER AND DARIUS HAYES IN THE FIRST SEASON OF THE LOTTERY TV SERIES

menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah ini adalah hasil pekerjaan saya sendiri. Sepanjang pengetahuan saya, karya ilmiah ini tidak berisi materi yang ditulis oleh orang lain, kecuali bagian-bagian tertentu yang saya ambil sebagai acuan dengan mengikuti tata cara dan etika penulisan karya ilmiah yang lazim.

Yugyakarta,23 Februari, 2016

Penulis

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in themselves.” -QS Ar Ra’ad (13): 11

“If you do the things that are easier first, then you can actually make a lot of progress.” -Mark Zuckerberg

vi To my Parents

For their endless love, supports, and their blessing in every choice that I take,

To my Brothers and Sister

Who always support me to finish my study although they do not really know “what thesis is?”,

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Almighty, The lord of the Universe, who gives me His guidance to finish this thesis. In completing this thesis, I owe many people for their support, guidance, help and prayer. Therefore, I would ike to express my deepest gratitude to the following parties:

1. Titik Sudartinah M. A., my first supervisor as well as my academic advisor and Nandy Intan Kurnia M. Hum., my second supervisor, who have given me their valuable time, knowledge, and guidance in composing this thesis;

2. to all lecturers and staff of English Education Department who have given me their knowledge and helped me during my study;

3. to my family, who have motivated me with their love and comfort to finish this thesis;

4. my friends in English Language and Literature 2011, particularly my classmates in SASING A and linguistics class for their accompaniment in all these years;

5. Efa Nuryani and Fahma Chimayasari for their help and patience as my peer reviewer in composing this thesis, and

6. everybody whose name I cannot mention one by one, who accompanies, supports, helps and never gives up on me.

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readers, especially to those who are interested in linguistics and pragmatics.

Yogyakarta, February 23, 2016

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MOTTOS ... v

DEDICATION ... vi

AKNOWLEDGMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ... xi

ABSTRACT ... xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Research Focus... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ... 7

D. Significance of the Study ... 7

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ... 9

A. Literature Review ... 9

1. Pragmatics ... 9

a. Definition of Pragmatics ... 9

b. The Scope of Pragmatics ... 10

2. Speech Acts ... 12

a. Locutionary, Illocutionary, Perlocutionary Act ... 12

b. Classification of Speech Acts... 13

1) Assertive ... 13

2) Directive ... 13

3) Commissive ... 14

4) Expressive ... 14

5) Declaration ... 14

c. Speech Act of Command ... 15

3. Face ... 15

4. Politeness ... 16

a. Politeness Strategies and the Realizations ... 17

1) Bald on Record ... 18

2) Off Record ... 19

3) Positive Politeness ... 20

4) Negative Politeness ... 22

b. Factor Influencing the Choice of Politeness Strategies... 24

5. The Lottery TV Series ... 26

B. Previous Study ... 27

C. Conceptual Framework ... 29

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 31

A. Research Type ... 31

B. Forms, Context, and Source of Data ... 31

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B. Discussion ... 40

1. Types of Politeness Strategies ... 40

a. Bald on Record ... 41

b. Off Record ... 43

c. Positive Politeness ... 45

d. Negative Politeness ... 47

2. The Realizations of Politeness Strategies ... 48

a. Non Minimization ... 49

b. Inviting Conversational Implicature ... 50

c. Claiming for Common Ground ... 52

d. Conveying that Both Participants are Cooperators ... 53

e. Being Direct ... 55

3. Factor Influencing the Choice of Politeness Strategies... 56

a. Social Distance ... 56

b. Relative Power ... 57

c. Ranking of Imposition ... 59

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 74

A. Conclusions ... 74

B. Suggestions ... 77

REFERENCES ... 79

APPENDICES ... 81

A. Data Sheet of Politeness Strategies of Command in the first season of The Lottery TV Series ... 81

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Figure 1. The Poster of The Lottery TV Series Season 1 ... 26 Figure 2. Analytical Construct ... 30

Tables

Table 1. Sample Data Sheet of Politeness Strategies of Command in the First Season of The Lottery TV Series ... 32 Table 2. Types, Realizations and Factors of Politeness Strategies Performed by

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Fajar Subekti Zulkarnain 11211141004

This research investigates the use of politeness strategies of command performed by Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes in the first season of The Lottery TV Series. It aims to describe three major problems. The first is to describe the types of politeness strategies of command. The second is to describe the realizations of politeness strategies of command. The third is to describe the factor influencing the performance of politeness strategies.

The research employed descriptive qualitative method and use pragmatics as the approach to analyze the data. The data were in the form of utterances and the context of data was the dialogues which involve Vanessa and Darius. The source of data were five episodes of the first season of The Lottery TV Series and the transcript. Triangulation was used to obtain the credibility and the reliability of the data.

The results of the research are stated as follows. (1) All types of politeness strategy of command are used by both Vanessa and Darius in The Lottery TV Series. They are bald on record, off record, positive politeness and negative politeness. Bald on record politeness strategy becomes the most frequent strategy since the speakers get the advantages for being direct in giving commands. (2) There are only five out of nine realizations used by the characters to perform politeness strategies of command. These five realizations are non minimization, inviting conversational implicature, claiming for common ground, conveying that both participants are cooperators, and being direct. Vanessa mostly performs the utterances with non minimization by 11 data out of 20 utterances in order to serve three different purposes. It is used to threat the hearer, to warn the hearer and to avoid ambiguity in the utterances. On the other hand, Darius mostly realizes politeness strategies in the form of claiming for common ground by 4 data out of 10 utterances. By claiming for common ground, the addressees tend to follow the order without any complaint since they feel the same way as the speaker. (3) All three factors of politeness influence the speakers to perform certain strategies. These factors are social distance, relative power and ranking of imposition. Both Vanessa and Darius are mostly influenced by the relative power in uttering their command. It is because the characters mostly deliver their command to someone who works for them. Therefore, they need to show their power over the addressee.

1 A. Background of the Study

Communication is an interaction between two or more people in order to achieve certain goals. Therefore, to make the process of communication running, at least there are two participants needed as a speaker and the addressee. Moreover, both participants should have the ability to understand each other since the process of communication is like playing ping-pong which means that each participant has an opportunity either to be a speaker or a hearer.

There are several elements which are possible to affect the understanding among participants in a communicative event. The first element is a language speaking society, the process of communication will be running easier when both participants use the same language. An understanding toward language will help them understand the topic and the theme. Moreover, it also makes them easy to take their turn whether to speak or to listen. The second element is the setting of a communication process. For example, in setting A, the participants are students. They gather in a cafeteria and they talk to each other informally. On the other hand, in setting B, the participants are the members of an organization. They have an important meeting which is held in a formal situation. These two different

situations will influence the way participants produce utterances in order to adapt to the circumstances. Therefore, the understanding toward the setting is crucial. They will experience problems in communicating if they fail to understand the setting. The third element is an understanding toward the social norms. There are rules in the society that the participants should understand in communications. They should be able to avoid taboo words and they also have to be polite by producing an appropriate utterance based on the social norms. The last element is the purpose of the communication itself. The participants usually have certain purpose in communication such as greeting, requesting, or commanding. The purpose will strongly affect the speaker’s utterances and hearer’s responses toward the speaker’s wants. Since different purpose of communication will give different impact toward the addressee, therefore, a speaker needs to perform certain strategies in order to create an intended impact toward the addressee.

There are some strategies that can be used to accomplish the purpose of communication and one of them is called politeness. Basically, politeness strategy has two opposite functions. It can be used to soften the bad impact toward other’s public image. However, it can also be used to intentionally attack or threat other’s public image. It is interesting to analyze the use of politeness strategy in a society, especially when the purpose of communication is to give a command.

In linguistics, a command is a part of speech act which has a function to make someone or the addressee do some future action for the speaker (Searle,

1979:13-14). Similar to command, request and suggestion has the same function which is to make the hearer do something for the speaker, but they have less power to force the hearer compared to a command. When the hearer gets a request or a suggestion, he has more power to obey or reject it. However, when it comes to the act of command, the hearer has a less chance or even he has no chance to reject it. It is because the speaker who has power to give a command must be more powerful than the addressee. For example, the president of an organization has a full authority to give a command to his staff. In contrast, a staff has no power at all to force his boss to do something for him. Thus, politeness strategy of command is an interesting linguistic phenomenon to be studied further since it can be used to soften or even damage the addressee’s public self image. In this research, the first season of

The Lottery TV Series was taken as the object of the analysis for two reasons. First, after watching all the episodes, the researcher found some linguistic phenomena in The Lottery TV Series related to the study of pragmatics and sociolinguistics. Second, reason is that the prominent characters in The Lottery TV Series season 1 have significant political positions which make them have power to perform the speech act of commands.

The researcher limits the investigation on the two most prominent characters of The Lottery TV Series, Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes. There are three prominent characters in this TV series, Vanessa Keller as the Chief of Staff in White House, Darius Hayes as the Director of the U.S. Fertility

Commission, and Dr. Allison Lennon a scientist who becomes the head of the Department of Humanity (DOH). As a scientist, Dr. Lennon has less power compared to Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes who are officers of the government. That is the reason why the researcher decides to choose Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes.

B. Research Focus

There are two types of communication: verbal and non-verbal communication. Both are found in The Lottery TV Series season 1. The verbal communication can be seen through the dialogues or conversation among the characters in order to deliver their intentions, while non-verbal communications can be found in the form of written language which functions to provide additional information to the audience. Related to both types of communication, there are some linguistic phenomena found in The Lottery TV Series season 1.

The first problem is related to speech act phenomenon. There are many utterances expressed by the characters to convey their intentions such as thoughts and feelings. In order to achieve the purpose of communication, they perform various types of speech act. According to Yule (1996:53), there are five types of speech act: declarations, representatives, expressives, directives and commissives. Speech acts which are performed by the characters are in the form of apology, complaint, compliment, promise, invitation or command.

The second phenomenon is politeness strategies. It is a strategy of communication which is usually used by a speaker in order to soften the damage to the hearer’s public self image although it can also be used to intentionally damage the public image of the hearer. The speaker has a full control to do any communication strategies including politeness to convey their feeling and thoughts.

The third problem is politeness principles. According to Leech (1983:132), there are six types of politeness principles: tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, and sympathy maxim. In communication, participants tend to follow certain maxims in politeness principles in order to get more advantages. For example, a speaker follows the maxim of agreement, therefore, he will seek agreement and tries to avoid disagreement with the addressee in the process of communication. In the first season of The Lottery TV Series politeness principles can be investigated through the utterances of the characters.

The last problem is the use of taboo words. Taboo is anything which people usually avoid in a society because it can cause anxiety, embarrassment, or shame the members of the society. Thus, the performance of taboo words can be considered as an impolite behavior. In The Lottery TV Series season 1, some characters utter taboo words in certain conditions and purposes, such as to show dislike toward others or to emphasize something.

Since there are many linguistic phenomena found in the first season of

problems in a single work. Thus, in this study, the researcher focuses on investigating two main issues only. These issues are politeness strategies and directive speech act of command. The researcher limits the discussion into three points. First, it focuses on investigating the types of politeness strategies of speech act of commands performed by both Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes. Second, it focuses on describing the way politeness strategies are used by Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes to perform speech act of command. The last focus is on revealing the possible factors which influence the speakers to perform certain politeness strategies in expressing speech acts of commands.

Based on the limitation of problems, the researcher formulates the problems as follows.

1. What are the types of politeness strategies of commands performed by Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes in the first season of The Lottery TV Series?

2. How are politeness strategies realized in Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes’s speech acts of command in the first season of The Lottery TV Series?

3. What are the factors which influence Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes to choose certain types of politeness strategies to perform speech acts of commands in the first season of The Lottery TV Series?

C. Objectives of the Study

In relation to the formulation of the problems, the objectives of the research are stated as follows:

1. to identify the types of politeness strategies of commands performed by Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes in the first season of The Lottery TV Series,

2. to describe the realization of politeness strategies used by Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes to perform speech act of commands in the first season of The Lottery TV Series, and

3. to reveal the factors which influenceVanessa Keller and Darius Hayes to perform certain types of politeness strategies in performing speech act of commands in the first season of The Lottery TV Series.

D. Significance of the Study

Regarding the background and the objectives, it is expected that this research can gives some contributions for the readers. In relation to the study of linguistics and pragmatics, this research has two major significance listed as follows.

1. English Department

For English Department, this research gives contribution as an additional teaching resource to the study of pragmatics, especially on politeness strategies of directive speech act of commands.

This research has two significance for the students of English Department. First, for students of English Department in general and those who focus on studying linguistics, this research gives deeper understanding on the study of pragmatics especially politeness strategies of command. The second, This research can be used as an additional reference for students who want to conduct a research under the same topic.

9 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A. Literature Review

1. Pragmatics

a. Definition of Pragmatics

Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics study. According to Yule (1996:03), there are four definitions of pragmatics. First, he defines it as a study which concerns with the meaning of speaker’s utterances and how it is interpreted by a listener. Second, it is a study of contextual meaning. In human communications, a single word can have multiple meanings. It means that a particular context will influence how the speaker produces utterances and how the listener interprets them. Third, he states that pragmatics is the study of relative meaning. A very short utterance may have multiple meanings and sometimes even a silence or an eye contact is meaningful. The last definition is that it is the study of relative distance.

In line with Yule, Leech (1983:6) argues that pragmatics is the study of relative meaning since it is influenced by the context of communication. Similarly, Mey (2001:6) considers pragmatics as the study of human language in use which is connected by the context in a society. Thus, it can be conluded that the study of pragmatics covers two main aspects in communication. First, it concerns on how the speaker produces utterances. Second, it also concerns on how the listener interprets the speaker’s utterances. In other words,

pragmatics is the study of meaning in communication which is influenced by the sociological context.

b. The Scope of Pragmatics

As a branch of linguistics study, pragmatics covers several domains. They are deixis, presupposition, implicature, speech acts and politeness.

First domain is deixis. The term deixis is taken from Greek word which has an original meaning of “pointing or indicating” (Levinson, 1983:54). In line with Levinson, Yule (1996:9) states that in pragmatics, deixis is an expression which is used by by the speaker to point or indicate something.

Yule (1996:9) adds that any utterance used to point is called a deictic expression. Further, he classifies deixis into three types. The first type is personal deixis. It is a linguistic form used by a speaker to point or to indicate the existence of a person such as the pronoun ‘he’ to indicate a male person or ‘she’ to indicate a female person. The second type is spatial deixis. It is a type of deixis used to point to a location such as the term ‘here’ to indicate any places near to him. The last one is temporal deixis. It is an expression used to indicate time is called as temporal deixis. Terms such as ‘now’, ‘today’, and ‘yesterday’ are the examples of temporal deixis because they are pointing something related to the time.

The second domain is presupposition. According to Yule (1996:25), a presupposition is something that the speaker believes to be the background in making an utterance. Similarly, Caffi (2006:759), defines presupposition as a background knowledge which is owned by the participants in communication.

In this case, the speaker assumes that there is certain information which already known by the listener before he produces an utterance. Yule (1996: 26) gives the example, when the speaker says “Mary’s dog is cute” it means that he assumes that the listener knows that Mary has a dog.

The third domain is implicature. Grice (in Chapman 2005:102) draws important and clear distinctions between two points, a speaker meaning and a sentence meaning. There is a distinction between what a speaker means and what a sentence or another expression means. For example, the speaker utters “Your book” then he puts the book on the table. The expression of “your book”can mean that the book is the listener’s book. Yet, it is possible for the speaker to convey a meaning more than what he said. The expression of “your book” can mean “this is your book, I give it back to you” or it can also mean something else. According to Yule (1996:36), implicature is defined as process of interpreting the speaker’s intention.

The fourth domain is speech acts. Communication is an inferential process. When a speaker produces utterances, the addressee will interpret those utterances based on the speaker’s reference. To speak a language is to express ideas or thoughts in the form of utterances by following a set of linguistic rules. According to Capone (2006:1015), in communication, there are expressions which have the function to change the current state of things known as speech act.

The last domain is politeness. According to Yule (1996:60), politeness means respecting the hearer’s public self image by being aware of their face.

Further, he explains that in pragmatics, the public self image is known as “face”. Thus, in communication people try to respect and fulfil the others face wants in order to maintain a good social relationship.

2. Speech Acts

a. Locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary act

Austin (1962:94) defines locutionary act as the act of producing utterances. Similarly, Yule (1996:48) adds that the speaker may perform a locutionary act by uttering a purposeful utterances or expressions.Further, he adds that when people form an utterance, there must be certain functions in their mind known as illocutionary act. When a speaker performs a speech act, it consist of locutionary act as the utterance and illocutionary act as the function of the utterance. Moreover, there is a consequential effect after the performance of speech act known as perlocutionary act. As stated by Cruse (2006:168), perlocutionary act is an act performs by the adressee as the effects of the speaker’s utterance. In short, it can be said that locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act are related to one another. Thus, it is possible that these three different act found in a single utterance. For example, when a speaker says “close the door”, it consist of these three acts. First, the locutionary act is the utterance itself. The second, the illocutionary act or the function in mind of the utterance is commanding or requesting the addressee to close the door. Finally, the perlocutionary act or or the effect of the utterance is the act of closing the door performed by the addressee.

b. Classifications of Speech Acts

Searle (1979:12-20) classifies speech acts into five classes. They are assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declaration.

1) Assertive

It is a kind of speech act which is used to express the speaker belief (Searle, 1979:12). Further, he says that the purpose of assertive class is to express the speaker belief which contain facts or something being the case. For example, when a speaker says “it is raining”, it contains the fact that the rain is falling. Stating, boasting, deducing, and concluding are some verbs that belong to this class.

2) Directive

Directive is various acts which consist of the fact that a speaker attempts to make the hearer do some future actions (Searle, 1979:13). Further, he adds that the speaker can perform directive speech acts in various degrees.

For example, the utterance “I suggest that you should give up on smoking immediately” and “I command you to stop smoking immediately” have a different impact to the hearer although they convey the same basic function Both utterances attempt to make the hearer stop smoking. However, the second utterance has a stronger illocutionary force since it contains a command. The verbs that denote the member of this class are asking, commanding, requesting, begging, pleading, advising, and inviting.

3) Commissive

It is a kind of speech act used by a speaker to make himself does some future actions (Yule, 1996:54). For example, the speaker promises to his friend by uttering “I’ll be back” which means that he commits himself to do a future action which is coming back to pick up his friend. Thus, commisives are the expressions of a speaker’s intention. The expression such as promise, threat, and refusal are parts of this class.

4) Expressive

According to Searle (1979:15), expressives are the expressions of a speaker’s psychological state. It is a kind of speech act which expresses the speaker’s feeling. It can be the expression of pleasure, pain or sorrow. The expressions which belong to this class are the expression of regret, condolence,and gratitude. For example, a speaker says “I’m really sorry” to express his feeling when he made a mistake. Another example is when a speaker expresses his gratitude by saying “Thank you so much”.

5) Declaration

It is a type of speech act that can be used by a speaker to change the current state of world via his utterance (Yule, 1964:53). Cruse (2006: 62) gives the example, when a priest succesfully points the hearer as a husband and wife by stating “I now pronounce you as a husband and wife” then automatically they will be husband and wife. This utterance can only be performed by priest in a wedding ceremonial otherwise it has no effect at all.

c. Speech Act of Command

Speech act of command is a part of directive class of speech act. Since directive speech act has the basic function to make someone do some future action for the speaker, therefore, command possesses the same function. According to Searle (1979:3), command and request have the same illocutionary point or purpose. Both attempt to make someone do something. However, they differ in terms of their illocutionary force. When a speaker performs a command, he assumes that the hearer has the duty to carry out the command.

In summary, a command can only be performed by someone who has the duty or authority over the addressee(Cruse, 2006:62). Moreover, it should be performed in the right circumstances. There are certain expected or appropriate circumstances for the performance of speech act which are technically known as felicity condition (Yule, 1996:50). Since speech act of command may threat the hearer’s face, the application of politeness strategies are therefore needed to redress the negative impact.

3. Face

According to Goffman (1967:5), face is a positive social value of a person that he claims for himself. It is an image of self that a person shows to fulfill the social norms. Yule (1996:60) adds that the term face refers to the public self image which contains both emotional and social sense that everyone wants to maintain.

In everyday interactions, people generally behave according to their expectation on how they want their public image to be accepted or recognized. They behave in a certain way in order to show others how their self image or face looks like. This desire of showing image of self is known as face wants. Additionally, the act of saying or doing something which represents threat to addressee’s face is known as face threatening act. On the other hand, the act of doing or saying something in order to lessen the impact of a threat toward a speaker’s face is known as face saving act. Further, Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978:62), assume that every individual has two types of face. They are negative face and positive face.

According to Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978:61), negative face is the basic claims of territories, personal preserves, and right to non-distraction. In contrast, positive face is the desire of being appreciated and approved by interactants. Similarly, Yule (1996:62) argues that positive face is a need to be accepted by others as the same member of a certain social group.

4. Politeness

According to Lakoff (in Watts 2003:50), politeness is defined as a set of values or rules in societies which is used to develop the social harmony in communications. Similarly, Leech (in Watts, 2003:50) states that politeness is a strategy to avoid any conflict in a process of communication. Basically people tend to avoid threat to other face or they will choose to employ a certain strategy to minimize the impact because people face are vulnerable (Brown and Levinson in Goody, 1978:68). Further, Watts (2003:86) adds that

politeness is a strategy to minimize face threatening into a very minimum. Moreover, Holmes (2006:711) argues that politeness is a matter of linguistic choices that can be used by the speaker to convey his needs or wants.Thus, it can be concluded that politeness is a linguistic strategy in communication which has two possible impacts on the hearer’s face. First, it can be used to threat participant’s face want. Second, it can also be used to minimize the threat on participant’s face want. However, it is mostly used to establish and maintain a good social relationship among participants.

a. Politeness Strategies and The Realizations

According to Brown and Levinson, there are four types of politeness strategies in interactions. They are bald on record, off record, positive politeness, and negative politeness (Brown and Levinson in Goody, 1978:69). Politeness strategies are applied by a speaker when the circumstances in communication force him to perform a face threatening act. In doing so, he can choose the strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson. First, he can go on record baldly without any means of minimizing the negative impact on addressee’s face want. Second, he can go on record with redressive action by taking the addressee’s positive face wants which is known as positive politeness strategies. Third, a speaker can also perform negative politeness strategies by going on record with redressive action to minimize the threat on the addressee’s negative face want. The last strategy is being off record, or saying something by doing something else.

1) Bald on Record

According to Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978:69), bald on record is the most direct, clear, unambigous, and concise strategy in politeness. It is an explicit face threatening act without any effort to minimize the impact on the addressee’s face. Moreover, the realization of bald on record strategy is in the form of non minimization of the face threat.

Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978:95-97) state that there are some possible circumstances which make the speaker chooses to perform non minimization of face threat. First, the speaker is powerful and not afraid of non cooperative action from the hearer, or he does not care about the hearer’s face. Second, it is performed by a speaker when the maximum efficiency is very important. Another possibility is that the speaker wants to be rude and does not care about the other face wants. For example, a wife calls her husband to inform something very important. Yet, the channel is not very good, then she shouts “Come home right now!” (Brown and Levinson in Goody, 1978:97). In this example, the circumstances of communication show that the maximum efficiency is needed for two reasons. First, the information is very important. Second, the channel is not good, so the husband cannot hear her voice clearly. Therefore, she chooses the most direct, concise, and efficient utterance by saying “Come home right now!”.

2) Off Record

According to Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978:69), off record means the act of saying something by saying or doing something else. Further, they explain that off record can be in the form of metaphor, irony, rhetorical question and all kinds of hints that indicate the speaker’s intention. Furthermore, there are two sub strategies which can be use as the realization of off record politeness strategies. They are inviting conversational implicature and being vague or ambiguous.

First is inviting conversational implicature. It means the act of saying something which is indirectly related to a speaker’s intention (Brown and Levinson in Goody, 1978:213). Further, they add that a speaker can invite conversational implicature in two ways, by giving hints and giving associated clues. For example, there are students in a class, then one of them says “It’s cold in here”. When he says that, it can mean more than one meaning. It is possible that he only wants to convey that it is really cold in the class. However, it is also possible that he wants the addressee to respond by doing a certain act, such as closing the window, or switching off the air conditionioner. In this example, it can be seen that the speaker already gives the hint and an associated clue to convey his intention although he does not say it directly.

Second is being vague or ambiguous. According to Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978:225) it means stating something unclearly which sometimes contain multiple possible interpretations. Normally, in order to

establish an efficient communication processs, participants will avoid obscurity and ambiguity of expressions. They explain further that participants tend convey their intention in a brief and in an order manner in order to makes communication process running. Thus, being vague or ambiguous means violating the need of being clear in communication. For example, when a speaker gets a headache and he tries to ask an aspirin to his friend by saying “oh damn, a headache...” rather than “oh damn, I get a headache, can you help me?” or “oh damn, I get a headache, get me your aspirin please”, this incomplete utterance leaves more rooms of interpretations for the addressee. Yet, the context of communication will help the addressee understand the speaker’s intention. Since both participants know that the addressee has an aspirin, the hearer will understand that the the speaker wants to ask an aspirin to reduce his headache.

3) Positive Politeness

According to Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978:70), possitive politeness is a strategy which is oriented to satisfy the hearer’s positive face wants. It leads the speaker to seek a common goal or even friendship (Yule, 1996:64). This strategy appears when a speaker tries to recognize the addressee’s positive face wants in order to soften the face threatening act. Brown and Levinson classify positive politeness strategy into two sub strategies. They are claiming for common ground and conveying that both participants are cooperators.

Claiming for common ground is a strategy when a speaker performs an action which indicates that both participants in communication belong to the same social group and they share the same specific wants, goals, and values (Brown and Levinson in Goody, 1978:103). Further, they elaborate that one of the strategy to claim for common ground is attending or noticing the addressee’s interests or wants. For example, a speaker says to his staff in an office “Jim, you’re really good at solving computer problems, I wonder if you could just help me with a litle formating problem I’ve got” (Watts, 2003:89). In the first utterance, the speaker recognizes the addressee’s positive face wants by praising his skill in solving computer problems. Yet, he shows his real intention in the second utterance by directly demanding the addreessee to help him. Other strategies to show the common ground are exaggerating (interest, approval, and sympathy to the hearer), using in-group identity makers, seeking agreement, avoiding disagreement, and presupposing the common ground.

According to Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978:125), there is a condition when both speaker and addressee want to show that they are cooperators in communications. The realization of this strategies can be in the form of offering and promising utterances. For example, when a speaker says to his wife “I’ll take you out to dinner on Saturday. If you’ll cook the dinner this evening” (Watts, 2003:90), the speaker wants to ask his wife to make a dinner this evening. Yet, in order to soften the face damage on his wife, he offers a promise to take her out to dinner on Saturday. Those two utterances

show how the speaker conveys that both participants can get a mutual benefit in the interaction by being cooperative. Moreover, conveying that both participants are cooperators can be performed in five more strategies. They are presupposing the hearer wants, being optimistic, including the participants in the same activity, giving or asking for a reason, and giving gift to the hearer (goods, sympathy, understanding, and cooperations).

4) Negative Politeness

Negative politeness is a strategy that concerns on the addressee’s negative face wants. Thus, to perform this strategy a speaker has to realize the addressee’s negative face wants and takes them into consideration (Brown and Levinson in Goody, 1978:70). The realization of negative politeness classified into four sub strategies. They are, being direct, not presuming or assuming, avoiding to coerce the addressee, and the last one is communicating the speaker’s want to not impinge on the addressee.

First realization is being direct. According to Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978:130), it is a combination between on record strategy and the need to minimize the negative impact on the addressee’s face. Thus, the result of this strategy can be seen when a speaker states his intentions indirectly on record which also known as conventionaly indirect strategy. For example, when a speaker wants to ask about a particular time to a stranger or someone who has a higher authority or status than him, he will perform a polite uttrerance such as “Could you tell me the time, please?”instead of “Tell me the time!” (Watts, 2003:90). The first utterance lessens the negative impact on

the addressee’s negative face because it does not directly damage the addressee’s face. However, the second utterance is clearer and direct. However, it can harm the addressee’s face.

The second realization is not presuming or assuming. Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978:144) say that a speaker can respect the addressee’s negative face wants by avoiding to presume or assume the addresse’s wants or desires. In other words, to performs this strategy means the speaker keeping a certain distance in communication with the addressee. The realization of this strategies can be in the form of questions and hedges. For example, a speaker states “I wonder wheteher if I could just sort of ask you a little question” (Watts, 2003:90). The speaker wants to ask a question to the addressee, yet he is afraid to bother the addresse’s negative face wants. Thus, in this utterance, the speaker shows his respect by not performing any effort to assume the addressee’s wants.

The third realization is avoiding to coerce the addresse. Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978:172) argue that a speaker may redress the face threatening act toward the hearer’s negative face by avoiding to coerce the addresse’s response on his utterance. The realizations of this strategies are in three forms. They are being pessimistic, minimizing the imposition, and giving the deference. Being pessimistic means a speaker expresses his doubt in the performance of his speech act. For example, a speaker says “If you had a litle time to spare for me this afternoon, I’d like to talk about my paper” (Watts, 2003:90). The utterance “If you had a litle time to spare for me”

shows that the speaker hesitates whether the addresse wants to help him or not.

The fourth realization is communicating the speakers’s want to not impinge on the addressee. Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978:187) explain that there are two ways that can be used by a speaker to covey his intention to not impinge the addresse’s negative face wants. They are apologizing and impersonalizing the speaker and addressee. A speaker can lessen the face threat by performing an apology or avoiding to use the pronoun “I” and “You”. It is intended to show that the participants are not alone but they are only inclusive of a certain group. For example, a speaker says “Sorry to bother, but can I borrow your money?”. In this utterance, the speaker wants to borrow the money, yet, he starts his utterance by apologizing to show that he does not force the addressee to grant his request.

b. Factor Influencing the Choice of Politeness Strategies

The circumstances where a communication occurs also influence the participants to perform politeness strategies. Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978:74) recognize three fundamental sociological variables in relation to the relative weight of different face threatening acts. These three sociological variables are, the social distance among participants, the relative power that the addressee has over the speaker, and the ranking of imposition expressed in the utterance.

Holmes (2006:713), explains that each of sociological variable components influence to the degree of seriousness of the face threatening act.

Thus, the assesment of appropriate strategy or degree of politeness is needed to express the speaker’s intended message. Holmes (2009: 713), gives the example as illustrated bellow.

Context : Son to Mother in the family’s living room

Son (S) : um mum, do you think um I could just possibly borrow your car?

Mother (H) : (FROWNS)

Son (S) : um just for a litle while Mother (H) : um well (FROWNS)

Son (S) : it’s just that I need to get this book to Elen tonight

The context of the conversation is that there is a boy who wants to borrow his mother’s car. Further, Holmes (2009: 713) explains that in this family relationship the social distance among the participants is low since their frequency of communication is relatively high. However, in their relationship as a family, the mother has a higher power compared to the speaker. Moreover, he asks a big favor to borrow his mother’s car which means the ranking of imposition is high. Based on this circumstances, he is therefore select a more linguistically polite way of asking.

In making his request, S includes negative politeness strategies. He avoids to assume H’s wants by performing hedges or mitigating devices (hesitation maker “um”, modal verb “could”, particle “possibly”, and minimizers “just” and “a litle”). Morover, S also performs positive politeness strategies by using group identity marker “mum” and providing the reason for a request. If the context changes, for example, if it is the mother who wants to borrow a car from his son then the form of the utterance will be different. The mother will likely perform a command with bald on record strategy

rather than negative or positive politeness. It is because the addressee has a relatively lower power compared to the speaker

5. The Lottery TV Series

Figure 1. The poster The Lottery TV Series Season 1 The Lottery is an American TV series which directed by Timothy J. Sexton. Its first season was broadcasted on Lifetime TV network from July 20 to September 28, 2014. The story was set in 2025 when women stops to have children due to a vertility crisis.

The invertility pandemic is firstly noticed by the world’s government in 2016. In 2019, the last six children born all over the world. All countries does a lot of research and try to find the cure otherwise the human exsistance will be extinct in less then a hundred years. Then, in 2025, the US Government make a breakthrough. Dr. Alison Lennon and her team who works for the US Department of Humanity (DOH) are able to fertilize a hundred viable human

embryos. Soon, the president makes a meeting in White House in order to discuss the best plan for the embryos.

The head of the US DOH, Darius Hayes, argues that the government should keep the information secret from the outside world and involve the U.S military to protect it. However, the chief of staff, Vanessa Keller does not agree with him. From the political perspective, she believes that the government should do exactly the opposite of Darius’s idea. She suggests that the government should create the public lottery to find 100 women who will carry the embryos. She adds, the public lottery will minimize the protests from the citizen and it will increase the popularity of the president. Moreover, public lottery will create a new hope for the people to have a children in the future days. Finally, the president agrees with the idea of the lottery and appoints Vanessa to prepare the project.

B. Previous Studies

The research on speech acts and politeness have been conducted for several times. These research show different results since they focus on different points. Here, the researcher presents previous research related to the discussion on speech act and politeness. The first research is conducted by Annisa Dewi Widowati (2012), entitled A Pragmatic Analysis of Speech Act of Commands by the Main Character in the Film Elizabeth:The Golden Age.

The research focuses on three points. They are, identifying the types of commands, finding the form of commands, and analyzing how speech acts of commands are expressed by the main character.

After conducting the research, Annisa Dewi Widowati found that there are two types of commands performed by the main character, direct and indirect commands. According to the researcher, direct commands are mostly used by the main character. Further, she found that there are seven forms of commands used by the main character in the film Elizabeth:The Golden Age. They are, base form of verb, you+imperative, present participle form of verb, verb elipsisis, imperative+modifier, let+first person pronoun, embedded agent, and hints. Then, at last she found that the main charater performs the speech act of commands in four ways. They are, bald on record, off record, positive politeness, and negative poiteness.

Another investigation is conducted by Mifta Hasmi (2013) that is A Pragmatic Analysis of Politeness Strategies Reflected in Nanny Mcphee Movie. This research focuses on analyzing the use of politeness strategies. The result presents two important points. First, there are four politeness strategies employed by the main character in the movie. They are, bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off record. Second, in realizing the politeness strategies, the main character utilized their own sub strategies. Bald on record are realized by showing disagreement, giving an advice, request, warning/threatening, and using an imperative form. Positive politeness strategies are performed by claiming for common ground, conveying that speaker and hearer are cooperators, and fulfilling the hearer’s face wants. Negative politeness strategies are realized by being indirect, not presuming/assuming, not coercing, communicating the speaker’s want to not

impinge on the hearer, and reddressing other wants of the hearer. Lastly, off record strategies are realized by inviting conventional implicature, and being vague or ambiguous.

This research is different from the previous studies since it is not only investigating speech act of commands and politeness strategies in general. Otherwise, the researcher tries to combine both discussions. In short, this research observes the role of politeness strategies used by the main characters in the first season of The Lottery TV Series to express the speech act of commands.

C. Conceptual Framework

The object of analysis in this study is the first season of The Lottery TV Series. The research uses pragmatic approach. The focus of the research is to observe the role of politeness strategies as expressed in speech act of commands performed by Vannesa Keller and Darius Hayes in the first season of The Lottery TV Series.

In this research, the researcher formulates the objectives into three points. First, it is to identify the types of politeness strategies of commands performed by Vannesa Keller and Darius Hayes. The second is to describe the realization of politeness strategies performed by Vannesa Keller and Darius Hayes. The last is to find out the possible factors which influence the speakers to perform certain politeness strategies. The researcher used the politeness theories proposed by Brown and Levinson in Goody(1978) to analyze all of these three objectives in this research.

Figure 2: Analytical Construct

Politeness Presupposition Implicature

Deixis Pragmatics Assertive s Directive Commissive Expressive s Declaration Speech Act Politeness Strategies Command Factors influencing politeness strategies Realization of politeness

strategies Politeness strategies of command

Bald on Record Off Record Positive Politeness Negative Politeness

Non-minimation of the face threat

Inviting conversational implicature

Being vague or ambiguous

Claiming for common ground Conveying that both

participants are cooperators Being direct/conventionaly indirect

Not presuming/assuming

Avoiding to coerce the addressee Communicating the speakers want to not impinge on addressee

Relative power

Social distance

Ranking of imposition

The Lottery TV Series Season 1

Politeness Strategies of Commands Used by Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes in the First Season of The Lottery TV Series

31 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A.Research Type

To analyze the data, descriptive qualitative method was employed in this research since it focused on investigating the human behavior related to the performance of politeness strategies of command. As stated by Kothari (2004:2-3), qualitative research is a type of research which concerned with qualitative phenomenon such as investigating the reasons of certain human behavior. Furthermore, descriptive method includes surveys and different kinds of questions as the inquiry to find the fact. In addition, according to Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009:167), the purpose of qualitative research is more descriptive than predictive. It focuses on in depth understanding of the research participants’ point of view. In addition, quantitative method was also used to measure the frequency of data occurance. As stated by Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009:7), quantitative method used to specifies numerical assigment of certain phenomena in the research study. Moreover, pragmatics was used as the approach to analyze the data in this research.

B.Forms, Contexts, and Source of Data

The data in this research were in the form of utterances uttered by two main characters, Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes in the first season of The Lottery TV Series. The context of data was the dialogues among the characters which contain politeness and the performance of speech act of commands. The sources of the data were the transcripts of five beginning

episodes of the first season of The Lottery TV Series, i.e. Pilot, Rules of the Game, Greater Good, Genie and Crystal City. These transcripts were taken from http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts.php?tv-show=the-lottery-2014&episode=s01e0.

C.Research Instrument

The main instrument in this research was the researcher himself. According to Lincoln and Guba in Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009:188), the best instrument in qualitative research is human. Moreover, Merriam (2009:15) explains that the characteristic of qualitative research includes the researcher as the primary instrument for data collection and data analysis. As the main instrument, the researcher had the role of planning, collecting, analyzing and reporting the research findings.

In this research, a data sheet was used as the secondary instrument. The data sheet was in the form of a table and was used to note the utterances that contain politeness strategies of command performed by Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes in the first season of The Lottery TV Series. The model of data sheet is shown as follows.

Table 1: Sample Data Sheet of Politeness Strategies of Command in the first season of The Lottery TV Series

N O

Data Types Facto

r

Explanation

BR OR PP NP

N M C I V A C G P C B D P A A C S W

D P R

1 Vanessa

Keller: Counterfeit fertility

√ √ Vanessa Keller talks to

his brother, Nick, after he was captured by the police officer for selling counterfeit fertility

drugs? Really? Do you have any idea?

Nick: I

didn’t know that they were fake. Vanessa Keller:

Shut up, Nick. Just shut your damn mouth and stop lying for once.

drugs. Since Vanessa fully understand that selling counterfeit fertility drugs is a serius crime, she decides to perform bald on record politeness strategy. She directly and intentionally attacks Nick’s face want in order to warn him that selling counterfeit fertility drugs is a serious crime. The most influential factor is the social distance among them. In this conversation, Vanessa Keller goes baldy on record since they are family which makes their social distance relatively close.

Notes:

Types : Factor:

BR : Bald on Record D : Social Distance

OR : Off Record P : Relative Power

PP : Positive Politeness R : Ranking of Imposition

NP : Negative Politeness

Realization:

NM : Non Minimization

CI : Inviting Conversational Implicature

VA : Being Vague or Ambiguous

CG : Claiming for Common Ground

PC : Conveying That Both Participants are Cooperators

BD : Being Direct

PA : Not Presuming or Assuming

AC : Avoiding to Coerce the Addressee

SW : Communicating the Speaker’s Want to not Impinge on the Addressee

D. Data Collection Techniques

In this research, content analysis was used as the data collection technique. According to Kothari (2004:96), there are several methods of data collection in descriptive researches. They are, observation, interview,

questionnaires and other methods which include (a) warranty cards; (b) distributor audits; (c) pantry audits; (d) consumer panels; (e) using mechanical devices; (f) through projective techniques; (g) depth interviews, and (h) content analysis. Content analysis consists of analyzing the contents of documentary materials and all verbal materials which can be either spoken or printed. Thus, in collecting the data from the series, the researcher conducted several steps as follows.

First, the researcher watched the series. Second, the researcher downloaded the transcripts. Third, the researcher re-watched the series and checked the accuracy of the transcripts. At the same time, the researcher marked all the utterances which indicated the performance of speech act of command in the series. Last, the researcher classified the collected data into a data sheet.

E.Data Analysis Techniques

In analyzing the data, qualitative method uses inductive approach. According to Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009:168), inductive approach is a process of reasoning where observation came first, then followed by theory, hypothesis and interpretation.

After data collection, the researcher did four procedures in data analysis. First, the data were classified based on the three objectives of the research. Second, data trustworthiness was checked by consulting to the linguistics students and lecturers. Third, the researcher analyzed, described, and interpreted the data. Fourth, the researcher deriveed the conclusions based on the results of the research.

F. Data Trustworthiness

The researcher employed triangulation technique to create data trustworthiness. According to Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009:179), triangulation is a method of using more than one methodology to address the same question in order to create or develop the validity and reliability of the research data. There are four types of triangulation. They are data triangulation, investigator triangulation, methods triangulation, and theory triangulation.

In order to gain reliability of the data, this research employed an investigator triangulation. By using investigator triangulation, the researcher used more than one investigator to investigate the data. The researcher discussed and consulted the data with his supervisors. Furthermore, the researcher also asked other linguistics students to triangulate the data. Moreover, theory triangulation was also achieved by using multiple theories in the process of data analysis and data interpretation. Searle’s theories on speech act and politeness theories from Brown and Levinson were used as the main theories to identify, analyze, and interpret the data.

36 CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Findings

This section presents the findings of the analysis of politeness strategies of commands performed by Vanessa Keller and Darius Hayes in The Lottery TV Series. The data were classified based on the three research objectives: to identify the types of politeness strategies, to describe the realizations of each politeness strategies, and to identify the factors which initiate the performance of politeness strategies. This research reveals 30 data based on the utterances of Vanessa and Darius. Vanessa performs 20 utterances and Darius performs 10 utterances as presented in Table 2. The table presents the frequency of occurrence of types, realizations, and factors of politeness strategies.

Table 2. The frequency of occurrence of types, realizations, and factors of politeness strategies performed by Vanessa and Darius in The Lottery TV Series

Types : Factor :

BR : Bald on Record D : Social Distance OR : Off Record P : Relative Power PP : Positive Politeness R : Ranking of Imposition NP : Negative Politeness

Speaker Types and the Realization Total

Data

Factor Total

Data

BR OR PP NP D P R

NM CI VA CG PC BD PA AC SW

Vanessa 11 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 20 7 12 1 20

Darius 3 1 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 10 0 9 1 10

Realizations:

NM : Non Minimization

CI : Inviting Conversational Implicature VA : Being Vague or Ambiguous

CG : Claiming for Common Ground

PC : Conveying that Both Participants are Cooperators BD : Being Direct

PA : Not Presuming or Assuming AC : Avoiding to Coerce the Addressee

SW :Communicating the Speaker’s Want to Not Impinge on the Addressee

Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978) propose four types of politeness strategies. They are bald on record, off record, positive politeness and negative politeness. In relation to the speech act of command, each type of politeness strategies is found in the data. Moreover, the frequency of occurrence of each type of politeness strategies is different.

The most frequent strategy performed by the speakers is bald on record politeness strategy with 14 data. In this strategy, Vanessa performs 11 utterances and the other 3 utterances are performed by Darius. Since there is only one way to perform bald on record which is without minimization of face threat, therefore, the form of bald on record politeness strategy will be very clear without any ambiguity. Thus, the directness of bald on record politeness strategy gives more advantages for the speakers in giving a command.

The second most frequent strategy is positive politeness strategy with 9 data. Six of them are performed by Darius. He performs 4 utterances of positive politeness strategy by claiming for common ground and 2 more utterances by conveying that both participants are cooperators. On the other hand, Vanessa only performs 3 utterances which contain positive politeness

strategy and she realizes it in the form of conveying that both participants are cooperators. By using positive politeness strategy, the speakers get some benefits. First, both the speaker and the addressee can get a mutual benefit by being cooperative. Second, when the speakers convey to the addressee that they belong to the same group and have the same goals, it redresses the negative impact on the hearer’s face.

The next most frequent strategy is off record politeness strategy by inviting conversational implicature with 4 data, and 3 of them are performed by Vanessa. There are two ways that can be used to realize off record politeness strategy. Inviting conversational implicature and being vague or ambiguous. However, the performance of being vague or ambiguous is not found in the first season of The Lottery TV Series. Both Vanessa and Darius perform speech acts of command by inviting conversational implicatures when the context of the conversation is clear. Thus, they can still convey their intention clearly although some of the utterances contain multiple interpretations.

The least frequent strategy to occur is negative politeness with 3 data. All of them are performed by Vanessa in the form of being direct. Being direct means saying something directly on record with an attempt to reduce the negative impact by taking the hearer’s negative face into consideration. Therefore, the speaker can get an advantage for being polite in a certain degree. However, there are three more realizations of negative politeness strategy which do not occur in the first season of The Lottery TV Series. They

are not presuming or assuming, avoiding to coerce the addressee, and communicating the speaker’s want to not impinge on the addressee. There are two possible factors which make these realizations do not occur. First, when the speakers perform a command, most of their addressees are people who work for them, thus, they do not have to be afraid of non cooperative actions from the addressee. Second, to perform a command means to coerce the addressee to do something for the speakers and most of the speakers perform it directly in order to prevent multiple interpretations.

In relation to the third objective, Brown and Levinson in Goody (1978) propose that there are three factors which can influence the speaker to choose a certain strategy of politeness. They are social distance, relative power, and ranking of imposition. All of these factors are found in the first season of The Lottery TV Series. Relative power becomes the most dominant factor with 21 data; 12 of them are found in Vanessa’s utterances. Relative power strongly influences the speakers since most of their audiences are people working for them. In some utterances, the addressee is probably socially close to the speakers but the setting and the topic is formal. The second most dominant factor is social distance with 7 data and all of them are performed by Vanessa. Social distance never influences Darius because he rarely performs speech acts of command except to someone who works for him. Finally, the least factor to occur is ranking of imposition with 2 data. Both Vanessa and Darius perform each of them. Ranking of imposition influences them when their

addressee is someone who has no hierarchical working relationship with them and they respect the addressee.

In conclusion, there are four types of politeness strategies found in the first season of The Lottery TV Series with bald on record as the most dominant strategy. For the realizations of the strategy, there are only five realizations of politeness strategy that are found in the data. Meanwhile, all the three factors of politeness strategies are found in the data. Relative power becomes the most frequent factor to occur for each utterance.

B.Discussion

In this section, the researcher discusses the findings comprehensively in order to answer the three problems formulated in Chapter I. This section consists of three parts. The first part is presented to answer the first research problem which is related to the types of politeness strategies in the first season of The Lottery TV Series. The second part is used to answer the second objective which is related to the realization of politeness strategies in the first season of The Lottery TV Series. The last part is presented to answer the third problem which is related to the factors which influence the speakers to choose certain types of politeness strategy in the first season of The Lottery TV Series. To give a thorough explanation, examples are presented with some detailed explanation.

1. Types of Politeness Strategies

There are four types of politeness strategies performed by Vanessa and Darius in the first season of The Lottery TV Series. They are bald on record, off record, positive politeness and negative politeness. Each of the strategy is explained in details in the following section.

a. Bald on Record

In The Lottery TV Series season 1, the speakers perform bald on record politeness strategy with 14 utterances. Vanessa performs bald on record more often than Darius by 11 utterances since she meets more people in different circumstances compared to Darius. Vanessa performs bald on record for three different types of addressees. First, the addressee is someone who is socially close to her, such as her brother, her boyfriend, and her friend. Second, she performs bald on record to her colleague in the government. The third, she uses bald on record to someone who has no relation both in her daily social life and her working social life. Moreover, she also performs bald on record for several purposes such as to warn the hearer, to threat the hearer and simply to make something clear and effective. On the other hand, Darius only performs three utterances with bald on record since he faces only one type of addressee that is someone who works for him. Therefore, he only performs bald on record for two purposes, i.e. being clear and threatening the hearer by showing his power. More illustration is given in the examples below.

In the first example of bald on record politeness strategy, Vanessa’s brother, Nick was arrested by a police officer for selling counterfeit fertility drugs. Vanessa visits him in a hospital because he was beaten up by the police officer. She comes in and then scolds him since she knows that selling counterfeit fertility drugs in the middle of the crisis is considered as a very serious crime.

Vanessa Keller : Counterfeit fertility drugs? Really? Do you have any idea?

Nick : I didn’t know that they were fake.

Vanessa Keller : Shut up, Nick. Just shut your damn mouth and stop lying for once.

(01_1/BR/NM/D) Vanessa performs bald on record politeness as she scolds her brother. When she asks Nick if he has any idea about what he has done, he delivers an alibi by saying “I didn’t know that they were fake”. In response to her brother’s utterance, she intentionally attacks his face by baldly saying “Shut up, Nick. Just shut your damn mouth and stop lying for once”. In her utterance, it is clear that she has no intention to minimize the negative impact on Nick’s face in delivering her command. Moreover, in this example Vanessa performs the command baldly on record in order to warn Nick not to commit the same crime. It is because Vanessa knows that selling counterfeit fertility drugs is a serious crime.

In the second example, Darius talks to Dr. Alison Lennon in the laboratory of the US Department of Humanity (DOH). In this meeting, Darius as the head of DOH demands Dr. Lennon’s access key to the lab since she has already been fired by him as one of the scientist in DOH. In this

circumstances, Darius intends to be clear and effective in delivering the command since he already fired Dr. Lennon in their previous meeting.

Darius Hayes : Now, I will need your access key to the lab and computer passwords.

Dr. Alison Lennon : Sir?

Darius Hayes : The transition team will help you to move any personal belongings. We will need you to clear the premises withinthe hour.

(03_1/BR/NM/P) Darius performs bald on record politeness strategy when he asks Dr. Lennon to give him her access key and her computer’s password. Since the DOH already fired her, she has no right to access the lab. Thus, because of this condition, Darius demands her access key by blatantly saying “Now, I will need your access key to the lab and computer passwords”. Dr. Lennon tries to reject his decision because she is the one who successfully fertilized a hundred healthy human embryos, so she thinks that she does not deserve to be fired. However, since Darius is the boss of DOH, he has the power to fire Dr. Lennon for any reason.

The third example of bald on record politeness strategy can be found in the meeting in the White House where the contact from the terrorist is responded. When the terrorist is contacting the White House, Vanessa talks to one of the staff and asks him to block their video feed. In this example, maximum efficiency is needed since the U.S government needs to release their diplomats immediately. Thus, in order her command clear and direct, Vanessa decides to use bald on record politeness strategy.

A staff in the White House : Keep them talking as long as you can. If they using a mesh network, we need at least two minutes.

Vanessa Keller : Make sure you block our video feed.

(12_3/BR/NM/P) Before Vanessa picked up the call from the terrorist, one of the staff reminds her that she should keep the conversation as long as possible so he can track their hideout. Vanessa then gives him a command in the form of reminder by saying “Make sure you block our video feed”. Since she is in an urgent meeting, she has to be clear in giving a command in order to minimize multiple interpretations.

b. Off Record

Off record politeness strategy is used by the speakers in four utterances. Vanessa performs three of them and the other one is performed by Darius. Both Vanessa and Darius perform off record politeness strategy in similar situations and for similar purposes. They use off record in order to emphasize their previous commands or requests. To provide more explanations, the three examples are presented as follows.

The first example of off record politeness strategy is the conversation between Vanessa and the other staff in White House when they discuss about the terrorist hideout. After the lips reader reads the movement of Nathan’s lips, Vanessa gives a command to another staff to inform the location.

Lips reader : 44 Doulan Avenue.

Vanessa Keller : Does that exist? Does that exist?

A staff in the White House : Got it. It’s a warehouse just outside of Shanghai.

Vanessa performs a command by saying “Does that exist? Does that exist?” to the staff. The utterance is in the form of question. However, it is not really a question but a command because Vanessa needs to confirm the existence of 44 Doulan Avenue itself. She performs the same utterance twice with different intonations to show the importance of the information. Thus, it can be seen from the data that when the context of communication is clear, even an off record strategy can be used to convey an important command in an urgent situation. Moreover, before Vanessa performs these utterances, she has already asked all the staffs involved in the meeting to seek the terrorist hideout. In other words, these utterances are only repetitions of the previous command, hence, she is able to emphasize her intention.

The second example is the utterance of Vanessa who gives a command to a staff in DOH research facility. The conversation happens when Vanessa accompanies Kyle Walker to visit his son who is taken by the Department of Humanity. Mr. Walker asks a staff of DOH for getting permission so he can visit his son. However, the staff rejects the request by saying that according to their doctor, his son is doing fine. Therefore, Vanessa tries to persuade the

staff to let Mr. Walker in but still the staff rejects her request. Finally, Vanessa performs a command by emphasizing her authority which is higher than the addressee.

Vanessa Keller : He’s been taken away from his father. No matter what your doctor are saying, he can’t be doing “just fine”. At least, let Mr. Walker go in and explain to the boy what is going on.

A man from DOH : Policy is policy, Ms. Keller.

able to keep Mr. Walker from his son, but I’m not going anywhere until I see what’s going on here.

(22_4/OR/CI/P) In this conversation, Vanessa performs off record politeness strategy by inviting a conversational implicature. When Vanessa says that she does not want to go anywhere, she does not mean to stay in the lobby but she insists to visit Mr. Walker’s son, Elvis, no matter what happens. Since the staff knows that Vanessa is the chief of staff in the White House, he then decides to let her into avoid getting himself into troubles. In short, the function of this utterance is similar to the first example. It is a repetition which is used to strengthen her previous request to visit Elvis.

The third example is the conversation among Darius, the DOH’s staff and the judge in Elvis’s custody hearing. In this example, the staff of DOH reports to Darius that the judge is going to deny some of their agreements related to the result of the custody hearing. In response to the issue, Darius gives an indirect command to the judge via mobile phone. Moreover, Darius performs off record politeness strategy in order to remind the judge that they have agreement which forces her to do what Darius asks her. So, this type of command is also used to emphasize or strengthen the previous order in their previous meeting.

DOH’s staff : Sir, I don’t know what happend. She just going off script.

Darius Hayes : Can you put her on the phone? DOH’s staff : Yes, She’s right here.

Darius Hayes : There’s only one acceptable outcome. Do you

understand?

best interests of children.

Darius Hayes : That’s exactly what we’re doing.

(30_5/OR/CI/P) Darius performs off record politeness strategy by inviting some conversational implicature. When he says “There’s only one acceptable outcome. Do you understand?”, he does not continue his utterances by giving more information related to those acceptable outcomes. However, the judge understands the reference of Darius’s utterances. Thus, it can be concluded that both Darius and the Judge have already discussed the issue beforehand. Moreover, they have some agreements related to Elvis’s custody hearing.

c. Positive politeness

Positive politeness strategies are found in 9 data; most of them are performed by Darius with 6 data. The speakers mostly use positive politeness strategies in order to minimize the negative impact and to avoid unnecessary clash in communication. However, there is also a circumstance where Darius performs positive politeness strategy to minimize the ranking of imposition. More explanation is shown in the examples below.

The first example is the speech act of command performed by Darius to Dr. Alison Lennon. The conversation occurs when Darius visits DOH fertility laboratories and he meets Dr. Lennon. Darius then decides to fire her because he believes that Dr. Lennon cannot be trusted.

Darius Hayes : That won’t be necessary, Dr. Lennon. Dr. Alison Lennon : excuse me?

Darius Hayes : I appreciate your diligence, but we’ll taking the

lead from this point going forward.

99

NO Data Types and Realization Factor Explanation

B R

OR PP NP

N M C I V A C G P C B D P A A C S W

D P R

27_5/NP/ BD/R

Vanessa Keller: Do me a favor, George. See if you can figure out where he was the night before the abduction. Credit card receipts, surveillance footage and don’t tell anyone about this.

George: Right

√ √ Vanessa talks to her friend, one of the FBI agents in a car. She orders him to get more information about Conner the night before the abduction in Shanghai. Vanessa and George have a good social relationship. Thus, in delivering her command she takes George’s negative face want into consideration. The result shows that Vanessa performs negative politeness strategies by being direct to keep information clear. The utterance “see if you can figure out...” indicates that Vanessa wants to respect George’s negative face wants.

Vanessa might be powerful enough to give an order if she represents the White House. However, in this situation she represents herself as Vanessa. Thus, the factor which influences the choice of the strategy is more likely the ranking of imposition because it is a personal need.

28_5/BR/ NM/D

Charlie: I just said I wanted to make a statement.

Vanessa Keller: Okay,

√ √ Vanessa visits Charlie who is Conner’s

spouse, and suddenly, a group of reporters comes to his house. Vanessa baldly utters the command to makes it clear because it would be dangerous if Charlie does not

100

NO Data Types and Realization Factor Explanation

B R

OR PP NP

N M C I V A C G P C B D P A A C S W

D P R

good. So you’ll make a statement. Go and tell them exactly what I just said.

understand the instruction. Vanessa and Charlie do not have any structural job relationship. They are just friends. Thus, the factor that influences the politeness strategy is the social distance among them. Since they are socially close, and the urgency is needed, therefore, Vanessa does not need to redress the face damage on Charlie.

29_5/BR/ NM/P

Darius Hayes: We’ve been out of touch.

James Lynch: I’ve, uh I’ve been busy. I apologize. Darius Hayes: Remember Dr. Lynch, focus on what’s important.

√ √ Darius and James meet in cocktail party in

the White House. Darius reminds James that he has to stay focused on what is important. Darius utterance is not only a reminder but it is also contain a command for James. It force James to stay focus on his work and he also has to report all the progress of the fertility research to Darius. Relative power is the only factor which influences the choice of strategy because the command is related to the James Lynch research.

30_5/OR/ CI/P

DOH’s staff: Sir, I don’t know what happend. She just going off script.

√ √ After Elvis’s custody hearing, one of the

DOH’s staff contacts Darius and tells him that the judge is going out from the script. Then, Darius asks him to give the phone to

101

NO Data Types and Realization Factor Explanation

B R

OR PP NP

N M C I V A C G P C B D P A A C S W

D P R

Darius Hayes: Can you put her on the phone?

DOH’s staff: Yes, She’s right here.

Darius Hayes: There’s only one acceptable

outcome. Do you

understand?

Judge: I thought we were supposed to be advocating for the best interests of children.

Darius: That’s exactly what we’re doing.

the judge. The utterance is a reminder to the judge. It seems that they have an agreement before the custody. Then, in this context, Darius uses off record politeness strategies to invite certain implicature which remind the judge that she has to follow the agreement otherwise she will get a pinalty. The only possible factor which influences the choice of the utterance is Darius’s power over the judge. Darius will never be able to control the custody hearing if he does not have any power.

Total 30 14 4 9 3 30

Vanessa 20 14 4 0 4 5 3 0 0 0 7 21 2