The Technique of Data Collection

Categories Score Criteria Language Use 21 —18 GOOD TO AVERAGE: Effective but simple constructions. Minor problems in complex constructions. Several errors of agreement, tense, number, word orderfunction, articles, pronouns, prepositions but meaning seldom obscured. 17 —11 FAIR TO POOR: Major problems in simplecomplex constructions. Requent errors of negation, agreement, tense, number, word orderfunction, articles, pronouns, prepositions andor fragments, run-ons, deletions. Meaning confused or obscured. 10 —5 VERY POOR: Virtually no mastery of sentence construction rules. Dominated by errors. Does not communicate. Or not enough to evaluate. Mechanic 5 EXCELLENT TO VERY GOOD: Demonstrates mastery of conventions. Few errors of spelling. Punctuation. Capitalization. Paragraphing. 4 GOOD TO AVERAGE: Occasional errors of spelling. Punctuation. Capitalization. Paragraphing. Meaning not obscured 3 FAIR TO POOR: Frequent errors of spelling. Punctuation. Capitalization. Paragraphing. Poor handwriting. Meaning confused or obscured. Categories Score Criteria Mechanic 2 VERY POOR: No mastery of conventions. Dominated by errors of spelling. Punctuation. Capitalization. Paragraphing. Handwriting illegible. Or not enough to evaluate. F. The Technique of Data Analysis The researcher analyzed the data by using statistical analysis. In analyzing the data, the t-test was used to find out the effect of pi ctures series on students’ writing ability of recount text. The formula of t-test is as follows: 4 Mx : Mean of the score of experimental class My : Mean of the score of controlled class SE ᴍx : Standard error of experimental class SE ᴍy : Standard error of controlled class The steps that must be done in calculation are: 1. Determining mean of variable X, with the formula as follows: Mx : Mean of the score of experimental class x : Sum of the students’ score of experimental class N : Number of the students of experimental class 4 Anas Sudijono, Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan, Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada 2014, p. 314. 2. Determining mean of variable Y, with the formula as follows: My : Mean of the score of controlled class : Sum of the students’ score of controlled class N : Number of the students of controlled class 3. Determining standard of deviation score of variable X, with formula as follows: √ SDx : Standard deviation score of experimental class 4. Determining the standard deviation score of variable Y, with formula as follows: √ Sdy : Standard deviation score of controlled class 5. Determining standard errors of mean of variable X, with the formula as follows: √ SE Mx : Standard error of experimental class 6. Determining standard errors of mean of variable Y, with the formula as follows: √ SE My : Standard error of controlled class 7. Determining of standard errors of different mean variable X and variable Y, with the formula as follows: √ 8. Determining t o, with the formula as follows: Mx : Mean of the score of experimental class My : Mean of the score of controlled class SEMx : Standard error of experimental class SEMy : Standard error of controlled class 9. Determining t- table with the degree of freedom df in significant level 5 and 1 with the formula as follows: Df : Degree of freedom N : Number of students of experimental class N : Number of students of controlled class

G. Statistical Hypothesis

The hypothesis of statistic that used in this research is: H : μ 1 = μ 2 H a : μ 1 μ 2 H : Null Hypothesis H a : Alternative Hypothesis μ 1 : The students’ achievement in writing recount text, who are taught by using picture series. μ 2 : The students’ achievement in writing recount text, who are taught without using picture series. The assumption of the hypothesis as follows: 1. If t-test t-table in significant level of 5 and 1, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. It means that there is significant difference between the students’ score in learning writing recount text by using picture series and the students’ score in learning writing recount text without using picture series at SMP Nusantara Plus Ciputat μ 1 μ 2 . There is effect of picture series on students’ writing ability of recount text. 2. If t-test t-table in significant level of 5 and 1, the null hypothesis is accepted and the alternative hypothesis is rejected. It means that there is no significant difference between the students’ score in learning writing recount text by using picture series an d the students’ score in learning writing recount text without using picture series at SMP Nusantara Plus Ciputat μ 1 = μ 2 . There is no effect of picture series on students’ writing ability of recount text. 31

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION

A. Research Finding

The part shows the general description of the students’ scores in both the experimental class and controlled class. The description is divided into some sections: pre-test, post-test, gained score, and data analysis. And it is the data were collected from the results of students’ scores of pre- test and post-test in both experimental class and controlled class. The followings are the description:

1. Data Description

Table 4.1 The students’ scores of pre-test of experimental class VIII-1 controlled class VIII-2 No. Experimental Class Score Controlled Class Score 1 Student 1 76 Student 1 65 2 Student 2 77 Student 2 76 3 Student 3 73 Student 3 74 4 Student 4 70 Student 4 76 5 Student 5 73 Student 5 78 6 Student 6 71 Student 6 75 7 Student 7 73 Student 7 78 8 Student 8 79 Student 8 79 9 Student 9 73 Student 9 76 10 Student 10 72 Student 10 65 11 Student 11 76 Student 11 76 12 Student 12 68 Student 12 75 13 Student 13 65 Student 13 80 14 Student 14 73 Student 14 68 15 Student 15 66 Student 15 75 16 Student 16 77 Student 16 81 17 Student 17 69 Student 17 76 18 Student 18 70 Student 18 80 19 Student 19 77 Student 19 75 20 Student 20 77 Student 20 76 21 Student 21 68 Student 21 75 22 Student 22 77 Student 22 77 23 Student 23 65 Student 23 70 24 Student 24 71 Student 24 74 25 Student 25 72 Student 25 80 Total Score 1808 1880 Mean 72.32 75.2 As mentioned of scores in pre-test in the table, it can be clarified that the mean score of pre-test in experimental class was 72.32, while the mean score of pre-test in controlled class was 75.2. And from the scores of both classes, it means that there was a difference between the students’ achievement of scores in pre-test experimental class and controlled class, the controlled class got the higher mean score than the experimental class.