some steps. They are data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusions drawing and verifying. The first step was by collecting all the data such as the
interview transcripts and field notes. The second step was data reduction. In this step, I selected limited, simplified, and transformed the data by summarizing or
paraphrasing the interview transcripts and field notes. The next step was data display. The data which had been reduced were then organized and compressed.
The data display of this research was in the form of text, field notes, and interview transcripts. Then, the last step was making conclusion drawing and verification.
The conclusion was gained based on the results of the stude
nts‟ vocabulary score,
field notes, and interview transcript. In making conclusion, the collaborator and I worked collaboratively to obtain the valid findings.
On the other hand, in analyzing the quantitative data, pretest and posttest were used
to compare the students‟ vocabulary score before and after the treatments. Pretest was given before the researcher gave the treatment. After the
researcher got the pretest result, he gave the implementations to the students to improve their vocabulary skills. After that, he gave the posttest to see how the
students improved.
H. Validity and Reliability of the Research
According to Anderson in Burns 1999:161-162 there are five validity criteria that should be fulfilled to get the valid data in action research. They are
democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic validity, and dialogic validity.
The democratic validity was fulfilled by having discussions with the collaborators. The discussions were always conducted during the research. The
collaborators were given abundant chances to give ideas, comments, and suggestion towards the research. Through some discussions, the progress of the
research could be found. At the end of every cycle, some discussions were held to evaluate the actions that had been implemented and to plan the actions in the next
cycle. Outcome validity is related to the notion of actions leading to the result
that are successful within the research context. To fulfill the outcome validity, some indicators that show the improvement of the students‟ vocabulary skills
were formulated. The catalytic validity is related to the extent to which the research allows
the participants to deepen their understanding of the social realities of the context and how they can make change within it. Within the process in this research, we
had chances to learn more about the realities in the English teaching and learning process. This research involved me as the teacher who was related to the English
teaching and learning process. The research also involved the collaborators as a person who could monitor the research process.
The process validity is related to the criterion to make the action research believable. To gain process validity, I collected the data by observing and making
some notes during the research. Anything that happened in the teaching and learning process was noted.
