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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Speaking
1.
Definition of Speaking
Speaking is one of the most important parts of communication towards the forth skills in learning English. Without speaking there is no information which can be
shared by the speaker to the listener. As a human we need to share our ideas, thoughts, opinions, and feelings in order to show what we want to share with other
people. It is supported by Linse, she states that speaking is n activity when the young learners use some words in showing their feelings.
1
Furthermore, according to Cameron, speaking is not only the use of speech organ but also the active use of language to express meanings, ideas, and emotions therefore
other people can make sense about the information that have been shared.
2
In addition, McDonough and Shaw state people speak because they want to communicate something and to achieve some particular purposes.
3
In teaching and learning foreign language what should the students do is to use the target language
that is English to express their ideas. Referring to those three definitions above, it shows that speaking is an activity
which is done by one speaker to one listener or more in many different contexts that is using speech organ, in order to get some information which can be presented
through ideas, thoughts, opinions, and feelings orally. Moreover, the purposes of what people want to speak are to get new information, to exchange information, or
just to keep socially as speak with their neighbors, friends, etc.
1
See: Caroline T. Linse and David Nunan, Practical English Language Teaching: Young Learners, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005, p. 46.
2
See: Lynne Cameron, Teaching Language to Young Learners, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 40.
3
See: JO McDonough and Christopher Shaw, Materials and Methods in ELT. Second Edition, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003, p. 134.
2. Speaking Skill
Speaking is included as productive skill; it is similar to writing skill. As Widdowson states that speaking is an active or productive skill which is used aural
medium related the use of gesture in conveying the meaning.
4
According to Tarigan, speaking skill is one of language competence in offering some information using
articulation of the words in conveying, expressing, and delivering the meaning based on speakers and listeners’ need.
5
Based on the writer ’s observation, some learners are still lack of confidence in
expressing their ideas using the target language. As Bahrain and Soltani state that many students who do not have enough ability in transferring their opinions orally or
they just in silence while the others perform interactively in the classroom activities. Therefore, it is important to enhance those students to participate in those interactive
activities.
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Interactive activities are entrusted to give the students’ chance to do oral practice among their friends.
Based on the explanations above, it is apparently clear that speaking skill is a skill which is focused on using oral production. The students use their target language in
accomplishing their ideas, opinions and feelings orally. Then, in building students’ skill in speaking is quite difficult, therefore the teacher should train the students
accustomed to speak in their target language. The teacher should help the students in practicing the target language through oral practice which can be done in controlling,
guiding, and producing.
3. Elements of Speaking
The students really need to acquire the ability to express their ideas and opinions therefore speaking competency has to be mastered. Even English is just as foreign
4
See: H.G. Widdowson, Teaching Language as Communication, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 59.
5
See: Henry Guntur Tarigan, Berbicara Sebagai Suatu Keterampilan Berbahasa, Bandung: Angkasa, 2008, p. 16.
6
See: Taher Bahrani and Rahmatollah Soltani, How to Teach Speaking Skill?, Mahshahr: The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education IISTE, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2012, From:
http:www.iiste.orgJournals .
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