Concept of Code Mixing

absolutely necessary. Thus we find the utterance of the following type Appel and Muysken, 1987:117 1. Salesman se oved kase can make a lot of money. A salesman who works hard make a lot of money. Daron, 1983 in Appel and Muysken 2. Lo puso under arrest. He arrested him. Spanish - English Lance, 1975 in Appel and Muysken 3. You can do it Zondang Doen. You can do it on Sunday. English - Dutch Crama and Gelderen, 1984 in Appel and Musyken In the example 1 shows the language mixes between Hebrew and English. Hebrew is in italic and English is not in italic. While, in the example 2 show the mixes between Spanish and English. Spanish is not in italic and English is in italic. Last example 3 shows that the mixes between English and Dutch. The English is not in italic and Dutch is in italic. The type of utterances known as code mixing is one of sociolinguistic phenomenon, especially in term of bilingualism. Bilingual code mixing is the use of elements phonological, lexical, and morpho-syntactic from two languages in the same utterance of conversation. The phenomenon of code mixing also can take when a particular language cannot represent a particular idea from some other language, it would probably feel strange if we just translate it. For example, Have a good time in Indonesian people cannot find the equivalent of those English expressions or if they happen to have them, they might not be commonly used in the communication. Code-mixing and code-switching may or may not be done intentionally. It depends on where and with whom you are interacting. Sometimes we use two different languages at the same time without realizing it. Sometimes we do it when we lack the particular vocabulary for a specific term or object. And sometimes we do it to show off that we know and can manage to talk fluently in two different languages. In advertisements, TV commercials, and day-to-day conversations we can get numerous examples of code-mixing. The growing use of English is making us to code-mix most of the time. In India, where every individual is bound to know at least two. Code-switching depends a lot on how formal or informal you are with a certain person, whether its appropriate to code-mix with a certain individual or not. Code-mixing has given rise to new languages like Hinglish Hindi + English, Benglish Bengali + English, Tanglish Tamil + English and so on. Lets look at some TV commercials where the growing use of Hinglish cannot be ignored.

2.2.4. Concept of Bilingualism

Statement made by Lewis 1976 Bilingualism has been and is nearer to the normal situation than most people are willing to believe p. 151. Bloomfield‟s Bilingualism 1933: 56 would specify ‟native-like control of two languages as the criterion for bilingualism. Haugen Bilingualism 1953: 7 draws attention to the other end, when he observes that bilingualism begins when the speaker of one language can produce complete meaningful utterances in the other language. Diebold Bilingualism 1964 gives what might be called a minimal definition of bilingualism when he used the term „incipient bilingualism‟ to characterize the initial stages of contact between two languages. Bilingualism exists in three types of countries: “Monolingual”, “bilingual”, and “multilingual.” It is important to note that is progression in no way reflects the degree of bilingualism that really exists in these countries as we will see, many so closed monolingual countries have a high percentage of speakers to use two or more languages on a regular basis, whereas many multilingual countries have rather few bilinguals. In this study the term of bilinguals as the alternate use of two languages may cause the occurrence of code switching of the bilinguals from one code to other in the daily interaction between announcers and the audience. The bilinguals are productive in using both languages, Indonesian and English, particularly in spoken form appropriated to this study in a certain occupation in the radio broadcasting. 2.3.Theoretical Framework In this research theoretical framework is very important since all the theory in this chapter used to analyze the data. The main theory that is used in this study is theory proposed by Poplack 1980 about the types of code switching, and supported theory proposed by Hoffman 1991 and Savile-Troike 1986 about the reasons for code switching.

2.3.1. Bilingualism

A brief description about bilingualism is given in the following quotation: Bilingualism can happen if there is fairly large and complex speech community, therefore the people in that community become aware of acquiring several languages Platt, 1975:88: As a human, we are social beings who are always committed to a certain group of people called community. A particular community has its own characteristics, including