A study of code switching in radio announcers` utterances used in the `Sunset Drive` Program of Swaragama FM Radio.

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vii

ABSTRACT

Mahanani, Christina Rina. 2015. A Study of Code Switching in Radio Announcers’ Utterances Used in the “Sunset Drive” Program of Swaragama FM Radio. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

Indonesia has been influenced by the western culture in multiple aspects. One of the prominent western footprints is Indonesian-English code switching in broadcasting program. One of broadcasting programs, namely, the “Sunset Drive” program, provides a unique forum for analyzing the linguistic phenomena of code switching in broadcasting. The phenomena of code switching can be found in the communication of the announcers and the listeners. The announcers often use different languages in the same utterance. This phenomenon interested the researcher to undertake the research on code switching used by the announcers.

In this research, there are two questions to be answered. They are: (1) What are the types of code switching used in radio announcers’ utterances of the

“Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM radio?; (2) What are the reasons for

the code switching in radio announcers’ utterances of the “Sunset Drive” program

of Swaragama FM radio?

In conducting the research, the researcher used document analysis, observation, and interview method. Here, the researcher acted as the main instrument to gain the data. The data were taken from the “Sunset Drive” programs that were broadcasted from September 16 until September 20, 2013. In answering the first research question, researcher implemented theory on types of code-switching from Asher (1994) and McCormick (1994). There were six types of code switching proposed to analyze data, namely diglossia, single word code switching, situational code switching, metaphoric code switching, conversational code switching and integrated loanword. To answer the second research question about the reasons of code switching, the researcher used theory reason of code switching by Malik (1994) and Gumperz (1982). The nine reasons were linguistic deficiency, quotation, message qualification, showing identity with group, personalization, semantic significance, making a joke, social status and attraction.

The results of the research showed that there were three types of code switching used in the radio announcers’ utterances of the “Sunset Drive” program.

The types of code switching used in the radio announcers’ utterances of the “Sunset Drive” program were single word code switching, conversational code switching and integrated loanword. The researcher also found that there were six reasons of code-switching used in the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM radio. They were linguistic deficiency, quotation, message qualification, identity with group, personalization and attraction.

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viii

ABSTRAK

Mahanani, Christina Rina. 2015. A Study of Code Switching in Radio

Announcers’ Utterances Used in the “Sunset Drive” Program of Swaragama FM Radio. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Indonesia telah dipengaruhi oleh kebudayaan barat dalam berbagai aspek. Salah satu bukti yang menonjol dari pengaruh kebudayaan barat adalah alih kode Bahasa Indonesia ke Bahasa Inggris dalam program penyiaran. Salah satu program penyiaran tersebut adalah program “Sunset Drive”, yang memberikan forum yang unik untuk menganalisa alih kode dalam program radio. Fenomena alih kode dapat ditemukan dalam komunikasi antara penyiar dan pendengar. Penyiar sering menggunakan bahasa yang berbeda-beda dalam percakapan. Fenomena ini menarik bagi peneliti untuk meneliti alih kode yang digunakan oleh para penyiar.

Dalam penelitian ini, ada dua pertanyaan yang akan dijawab. Pertanyaan tersebut adalah: (1) tipe alih kode apa saja yang digunakan dalam percakapan penyiar radio dalam program “Sunset Drive” radio Swaragama FM?; (2) Apa saja alasan digunakannya alih kode pada percakapan penyiar radio dari program

“Sunset Drive” di radio Swaragama FM?

Dalam melakukan penilitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode dokumen analisis dan wawancara. Dalam hal ini, peneliti bertindak sebagai instrument utama dalam pengumpulan data. Data yang digunakan diambil dari program

“Sunset Drive” yang disiarkan dari tanggal 16 September sampai 20 September 2013 dengan purposeful sampling. Untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama, peneliti menggunakan teori tipe-tipe alih kode dari Asher (1994) dan McCormick

(1994). Ada enam tipe alih kode yang digunakan, seperti diglosia, single word code switching, situational code switching, metaphoric code switching, conversational code switching dan integrated loanword. Untuk menjawab

permasalahan kedua tentang alasan-alasan dalam alih kode, peneliti menggunakan teori alasan alih kode dari Malik (1994) dan Gumperz (1982). Sembilan alasan alih kode adalah linguistic deficiency, quotation, message

qualification, showing identity with group, personalization, semantic significance, making a joke, social status and attraction.

Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga tipe alih kode yang digunakan pada percakapan penyiar radio dari program “Sunset Drive”. Tipe -tipe alih kode yang digunakan pada percakapan penyiar radio dari program

“Sunset Drive” adalah single word code switching, conversational code switching dan integrated loanword. Peneliti juga menemukan bahwa ada enam

alasan digunakannya alih kode pada program “Sunset Drive” radio Swaragama

FM. Alasan-alasan tersebut adalah linguistics deficiency, quotation, message qualification, showing identity with group, personalization dan attraction.

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A STUDY OF CODE SWITCHING IN RADIO ANNOUNCERS’

UTTERANCES USED IN THE

“SUNSET DRIVE”

PROGRAM

OF SWARAGAMA FM RADIO

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Christina Rina Mahanani

Student Number: 091214020

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS AND TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 22 January 2015 The Writer

Christina Rina Mahanani 091214020

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Christina Rina Mahanani

NomorMahasiswa : 091214020

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

A STUDY OF CODE SWITCHING IN RADIO ANNOUNCERS’

UTTERANCES

USED IN THE “SUNSET DRIVE”

PROGRAM

OF SWARAGAMA FM RADIO

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal: 22 Januari 2015 Yang menyatakan:

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DEDICATION PAGE

A Mystery of My Life I was born like a piece of paper

Pure and spotless

I am created as a painter

A piece of paper will be painted by my hands Now, as a painter I decorate it with colors Deciding to put colors in, dark or bright The scratch of pen like journey of my life Straight, wavy, dotted or tortuous

Time goes stepping forward definitely

My paper is full of squiggle, torn and a hole Various colors blend beautifully

Happiness, sadness, laughs and cries unity as one I wish to carve success in a long road of my life Hoping my dream and hope will come true God as my guidance

In a mystery of my life

I can only guess and look for the secret In darkness I try to find a light

Will I find the good way? Or I’ll fall into a black hole I never know what I’ll get

Life is a mystery

Wishing I can find the mystery, but I can’t I just believe life must go on

Never surrender and trust God always be with me By Christina Rina Mahanani (2010)

I dedicate this thesis to Jesus Christ, my wonderful Dad,

my beautiful Mother, my lovely brother and sister, and all

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vii

ABSTRACT

In this research, there are two questions to be answered. They are: (1) What are the types of code switching used in radio announcers’ utterances of the

“Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM radio?; (2) What are the reasons for

the code switching in radio announcers’ utterances of the “Sunset Drive” program

of Swaragama FM radio?

The results of the research showed that there were three types of code switching used in the radio announcers’ utterances of the “Sunset Drive” program.

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viii

ABSTRAK

Mahanani, Christina Rina. 2015. A Study of Code Switching in Radio

Announcers’ Utterances Used in the “Sunset Drive” Program of Swaragama FM Radio. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

“Sunset Drive” di radio Swaragama FM?

qualification, showing identity with group, personalization, semantic significance, making a joke, social status and attraction.

“Sunset Drive” adalah single word code switching, conversational code switching dan integrated loanword. Peneliti juga menemukan bahwa ada enam

alasan digunakannya alih kode pada program “Sunset Drive” radio Swaragama

FM. Alasan-alasan tersebut adalah linguistics deficiency, quotation, message qualification, showing identity with group, personalization dan attraction.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to give my deepest gratitude to Jesus Christ for His great blessing, spirit, and motivation during my thesis writing. I thank Him for giving me this beautiful life. Nothing can replace the grace.

I sincerely thank and appreciate my advisor Dr. Retno Muljani, M.Pd. for her guidance, advice, and support so that I could finally finish my thesis. I am so thankful for her patience, suggestion during my thesis writing, and willingness to provide her valuable time. I would also like to thank Adyaningrum P. Cinta Perdana, S.Pd., Septiana Citra Fridayani and Christina Nuci Vera Margono, S.Pd. for their invaluable advices in giving corrections for my thesis.

I would like to thank all lecturers and staff members of the English Language Education Study Program who are very patient and caring in guiding me during my period of learning in the department. I learned so many things from them. I would like to thank them for the greatest contribution in my learning process.

My deepest thanks go to my beloved parents, Drs. F. Sumiyono and Yuliana Tri Mulyati, S.Pd., for their support and greatest patience since the first time I saw this world until I start to build my own life. I am very grateful to have such wonderful parents like them. I also want to thank my beloved brother, Yohannes Eko Hadi Nugroho, for being a lovely brother ever and my sister, Maria Maris Astuti, who is separated by place and time, and my beloved family members Bude Tri, Mbak Niken, Embah putri, Om Karno, Anet and Jerry.

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My special thanks also go to my best friends and partner in ‘Itikiwir Agent’, Retno ‘enok’, Septi ‘simbah’, Nuci, Cinta, Marina ‘Makrin’, and Alex for their support, laughter, and happiness. I thank them for being nice friends who helped when I was in trouble since first semester until the last semester. I am very grateful for our wonderful friendship.

I owe thanks to Swaragama FM Yogyakarta’s crews, Fania Zetira and Dimas for their support while I collected my data to support my thesis. I feel very graceful. Without them, this project would not be as valuable as it is.

I would like to thank Ms. Catherine Elliot and Ms. Rosie Anderson for giving me a big chance to open new world in my life. I could have different friends from different backgrounds and cultures. I am very thankful for the greatest moments that I have been through.

Last but not least, I would like to thank all people whom I cannot mention here, who always give their support in writing my thesis. Although my name stands alone on this document, it would never have been completed without the support of countless other people. I take great pleasure in this opportunity to thank many people who generously furnished assistance and advice while I was working on this project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGE ... ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... iv

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... v

DEDICATION PAGE ... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

ABSTRAK ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

LIST OF TABLES ... xiii

LIST OF FIGURE ... xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xvi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A.Research Background ... 1

B.Research Problems ... 4

C.Problem Limitation ... 5

D.Research Objectives ... 5

E. Research Benefits ... 5

F. Definition of Terms ... 7

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 9

A.Theoretical Description ... 9

1. Sociolinguistics ... 9

2. Utterance ... 10

3. Communication ... 11

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xii

5. Code Switching ... 14

a. Definitions of Code Switching ... 14

b. Types of Code switching ... 15

c. Reasons for Code Switching ... 21

B. Theoretical Framework ... 27

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 29

A.Research Method ... 29

B.Research Setting ... 30

C.Research Participants ... 31

D.Research Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques ... 33

E. Data Analysis Techniques ... 36

F. Research Procedures ... 37

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 39

A.Types of Code Switching ... 39

B.Reasons for Code Switching ... 46

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 52

A.Conclusions ... 52

B.Recommendations ... 53

REFERENCES ... 55

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xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 3.1 The Date of The Radio Recordings ... 33

Table 3.2 Types of Code Switching ... 34

Table 3.3 Reasons for Code Switching ... 35

Table 4.1 Types of Code Switching Observed by the Researcher ... 41

Table 4.2 Single words Code Switching Observed by the Researcher ... 43

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xiv

LIST OF FIGURE

Page Figure 2.1 The Process of Translation ... 13

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

Appendix 1. Observation Form of The Types of Code Switching ... 59

Appendix 2. Observation Form of The Reason for Code Switching ... 79

Appendix 3. Interview Form ... 100

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xvi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DIG : Diglossia

SIT : Situational Code Switching MET : Metaphoric Code Switching CON : Conversational Code Switching SIN : Single Word Code Switching INT : Integrated Loanwords

LIN : Linguistic Deficiency QUO : Quotation

MES : Message Qualification ATT : Attraction

SHO : Showing identity with a group PER : Personalization

SEM : Semantic Significance MAK : Making a Joke

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

In this introduction chapter, the researcher presents the introduction of the research background, problem formulation, problem limitation, research objectives, and definition of terms. Therefore, the introduction is intended to contribute and describe the background information and rationale of the research.

A. Research Background

Language is a means to communicate with others in everyday life. According to Lehmann (1982, p. 1), “language acts as a means for us to take our place in society, to express our wants and convey information. Besides, language is also used to learn about people and the whole world around us.” Thus, people cannot be separated from spoken or written language in their daily lives.

People who live in bilingual or multilingual communities may switch to either first or second language in order to smooth information exchange. According to Crystal (2003, p. 7), “bilingualism has become a worldwide phenomenon that is spreading throughout the world greatly expedited by the rapid development of the media and information technology.” The acquisition of human language also affects the requirement of another language as the need of globalization. One of the languages that have been spreading on the wings of information technology is English.

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One of the social issues that the researcher has captured is that more and more people speak in English in their life. Crystal (2003, p. 4) states that “English is now the language most widely taught as a foreign language in over 100 countries.” It is spoken in different forms of varieties by people over the world. This language is used in international communication.

English gets embedded in local languages and leads to phenomena like code switching which is a major area of research in sociolinguistics. English is considered to be the key to many doors (Sichyova, 2005, p. 487). This trend is frequent among the educated people of the country, especially young people. They develop a deep sense of the opportunities and advantages of speaking English well. This kind of code change is a familiar phenomenon in society. Those who have gone through high school and university will have some knowledge of English.

Indonesia shares the same scenario as world where each person uses more than one language in his or her conversation such as Javanese, Indonesian or even Mandarin languages. Most Indonesian people speak more than one language like Indonesian language and their mother tongue which can be Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese or any one of more than 250 dialects spoken around Indonesia (Wiradisastra, p. 195). Here, English is taught since elementary until university. As a result, some people are more familiar to use English expressions frequently than have to translate into Indonesian language in daily conversation. There are many ways to learn English, such as listening to music, watching western movie, reading newspaper or directly interacting with foreigner. In this case, learning English influences people to switch two or more languages in their conversation.

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3 It is a nature of human to cope with changes, certain circumstances that force someone to use special codes in order to communicate or to use more than one language to another. Moreover, Bullock (2009, p. 2) points out that “the ability and alternate between languages in an unchanged setting within the same utterance is called code-switching”. People switch or even create a new language to meet with changing needs. These phenomena of code switching can be found in the language that is used in a local radio program named the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragma FM radio. The announcers who presented the music program tended to switch Indonesian language to English during the program. The following example [1] will be the evidence of code switching phenomenon in the

“Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM radio.

[1]Sementara untuk album ini Robin Thick sendiri mengatakan bahwa dia ingin lebih banyak bersenang-senang daripada membahas kehidupannya lagi seperti di album-album selanjutnya. Are you ready to have some fun

with Robin Thick along this September? because this is our soundtrack of this month. Along this september „give it to you‟ with Robin Thick

featuring Cez and Conciz Glamour. Don‟t forget to colour your dream

with swaragama fm the soundtrack of your life.

(Sunset Drive September 18, 2013) Radio has an important role such as a medium of communication, report actual events, economics, politics, sports, and entertainment news (Bowers, 2006, p. 7). In the radio program, the radio announcers can find various styles and several of language that can attract the listeners’ attention and make the radio program more interesting. The announcers often switch to English to signal their sophistication and identification with modernity.

This research analyzes code switching in the announcers’ utterances of the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM radio. Utterances are a potential data

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for the study of conversational techniques and language styles (Shields, 1992, p. 487). On the other hand, they facilitate the listeners’ unimpeded access to the range of language styles in Indonesian and English used by announcers and their guests. They provide an ideal data base for a study on spontaneous speech. This research uses data transcription from the “Sunset Drive” program as a data for the discussion.

The researcher recognized the phenomena of code switching in the “Sunset

Drive” program. Even announcers who are not very proficient in a foreign language may use brief phrases and words of different languages for this purpose because the program broadcast international and local information along with Indonesian songs and English songs. The radio announcers often use English words and phrases in this way, whether their knowledge of English is impressive or not. The switches are often very short. Here, it is a signal of inadequate fluency in one language or even both languages. Therefore, the researcher was interested in analyzing the phenomena of language switching in the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM radio in order to find the types of code switching and the possible reasons why the announcers and his colleagues used code switching in the program.

B. Research Problems

In this study, there are two research problems which can be formulated as follows:

1. What are the types of code-switching used in radio announcers’ utterances of the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM radio?

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5 2. What are the reasons for code switching used in the radio announcers’

utterances of the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM radio?

C. Problem Limitation

This research is limited to the discussion on the types and the reasons for code switching in the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM radio. The findings of this study cannot be generalized to all announcers due to the small size of the sample chosen in this research, namely the “Sunset Drive” program, the selected sample in one of programs in Swaragama FM radio. As the current study was conducted on September 16 until September 20, 2013, the researcher would like to state that the findings were limited to the time used in this study.

D. Research Objectives

There are two research objectives addressed in this study. The first research objective is to identify the types of code switching used in the radio announcers’ utterances of the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM radio. The second objective is to analyze the reasons for the code switching used in radio announcers’ utterances of the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM radio. E. Research Benefits

Theoretically the researcher expects that this research contributes as one of pilot studies which can help the future researchers, announcers, and the English language learners who want to study more about code switching in the radio program.

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1. Future Researchers

The finding of the study is expected to give benefits to the future researcher especially students of English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University. For the future researchers who will conduct the research that has the same topic, it is hoped that this research would be able to give all the information that another researcher need during the research. This research also gives beneficial contributions for the future researcher to have better knowledge about code switching, particularly its existence in radio program.

2. Announcers

The result of the research hopefully can give information to announcers to

improve announcers’ knowledge for the usage of code switching in broadcasting and announcers can create appropriate language utterances for their listeners when presenting their program.

3. English Language Learners

English language learners, particularly English as foreign language (EFL) learners, are expected to know more about the phenomena of code switching in a local radio program. The languages that are used in the radio broadcasting program intend to attract the listeners. The phenomena can be studied more in Sociolinguistics since the language used of in social life is one of the scopes in sociolinguistics. By knowing the types and possible reasons of code switching found in radio program, the learners are expected to use two or more languages appropriately.

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7 F. Definition of Terms

There are some terms necessary to be defined in order to understand this research better. Below are some terms relating to the using of code switching

within radio broadcasters’ utterances in the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM radio.

1. Code Switching

The term code switching refers to a process whereby switching between different language occurs. Gumperz (1996) defines code switching as “alteration among different speech varieties within the same event” (as cited in Holmes 2001, p. 365). These alternation types of code switching have been further defined as code mixing and code switching. According to Couplan and Jaworski (2009, p. 311), “code-switching can be defined as the implementation of at least two or more languages in conversation or utterance.” In this study, code-switching means the changing from one language to another when announcers change topics or when announcers are talking in one or two languages.

2. The “Sunset Drive” Program

The “Sunset Drive” program is one of the programs in Swaragama FM radio owned by Swaragama Group, one of the local radio companies in Indonesia. The

“Sunset Drive” program focuses on its information to the young adult urban female or male world. One of the daily programs that serve everything about

youngsters’ world is the “Sunset Drive” program that airs every Monday to Friday from 4 pm until 7 pm. Many features are served by the “Sunset Drive” program for listeners. They are music updates, life styles, news, latest fashion and beauty

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trends, a reference for hangout, self-improvement, career and personal finance, health, and relationship. (Profile of Swaragama FM radio. Retrieved on September 28, 2013 from www.swaragamafm.com)

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter reviews the theories used in conducting the research. This review of related literature is divided into two sections, namely theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description describes relevant theories that are used in the research. The theoretical framework provides the major relevant theories to solve the research problems and relate all the theories to the research.

A. Theoretical Description

This section discusses the five major parts of theoretical description, namely the sociolinguistics theories, utterances, communication, translation and code switching theories. The utterance theories discuss the theories that relevant to the utterance cases. The code switching theories consist of the theories which encompass the definition of code-switching, types of code switching, and the reasons of code switching. The theoretical description begins from sociolinguistics focusing on the definition of sociolinguistics in general since code switching is a study under sociolinguistics.

1. Sociolinguistics

People usually communicate through language. The discussion about the language in society is called sociolinguistics. According to Holmes (2001, p. 9), “sociolinguistics is a term that refers to the study of the relationship between language and society, and how language is used in multilingual speech

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communities.” In addition, Radford et al. (1999, p. 16) defines sociolinguistics as “the study of relationship between language use and the structure of society.” There are some factors which provide the understanding of both structure and function of language used in a certain condition. They are social background of speaker and listener relationship, context and manner of the interaction (Radford, 1999, p. 16). It means that people can modify their language in a social relationship in order to be clearly understood by the addressee.

Sociolinguists are interested in explaining why people speak differently in different social contexts. “And the effect of social factors such as (social distance, social status, age, gender, class) on language varieties (dialects, registers, genres) and they are concerned by identifying the social functions of language and the way they are used to convey social meanings” (Holmes, 2001, p. 42). It studies on how a language is used in a society, and actually does not discuss a structure of a language. In other words, sociolinguistics is concluded as one of the branches in the linguistics focusing on the study on language used in society which will be the base for this research on code switching.

2. Utterance

This section describes the theories related to utterance, namely the definition of utterance. Carter and Carthy (2006) describe the term utterance to:

The complete communicative units, which may consist of single words, phrases, clauses, and clause combinations spoken in context, in contrast to the term „sentence‟, which it reserves for units consisting of at least one main clause and any accompanying subordinate clauses, and marked by punctuation (capital letters and full stops) in writing (p. 177).

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11 In spoken language analyzing an utterance is the smallest unit of speech. It is a continuous piece of speech beginning and ending with a clear pause. In the case of oral languages, it is generally but not always bounded by silence. Utterances do not exist in written language, only their representations do. It can be represented and delineated in written language in many ways.

According to Bakhtin (1986, p. 76), there are four accepted properties that utterances should have. The first is boundaries. All utterances must be bounded by a “change of speech subject”. This usually means, as previously mentioned, that they are bounded by silence. The utterance must be either responding or following a previous utterance or generating dialogue. The second is finalization. An utterance must have a clear ending, and only occurs if the speaker has said everything he or she wishes to say. The third is generic form. The choice of the speech genre is determined based on the specific circumstances and sphere in which the dialogue occurs.

Utterance is a link in the chain of speech communication of a particular sphere (Bakhtin, 1986, p. 91). The boundaries of the utterance are determined by a change of speech subjects. Each utterance refutes affirms, supplements, and relies upon the others, presupposes them to be known, and somehow takes them into account. Therefore, each kind of utterances is filled with various kinds of responsive reactions to other utterances of the given sphere of speech communication. Moreover, regarding this research, the term utterance will be used in the analysis of data and discussion of the research.

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3. Communication

Himstreet and Baty (1984, p. 15) state that, “communication is a process that remains incomplete until the message reaches its destination as undiluted or unchanged as possible.” There should be the transmitter and the receiver. In the process of communication, the process is complete because the messages reach the destination on the receiver. The speaker who will be the transmitter will “send” the message through the language to the receiver. Then, the receiver receives the message. Himsetreet and Baty (1984, p. 16) also provide the theory of human communication in which the information source is the human mind, the transmitter is voice or whatever means human have at their disposal to use in transmitting and the receiver and the final destination are the sensory organs, such as ears, skin, nose, eyes, along with the mind of the recipient of the message.

In this research, which is related to radio announcers‟ utterances, communication is synonymous with information (Dainton & Zelley, 2011, p. 162). The communication process occurs between the announcers and the listeners of “Sunset Drive” radio program who receive the messages. The messages transferred are in verbal forms.

4. _Translation

There are many definitions of translation. Every expert certainly has his or her own definition based on his or her own perspectives. Newmark (1981, p. 7) defines “translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and or statement in one language by the same message and or statement in another language.” It means that translation is related to written text. In

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13 addition, it is used to differentiate with interpretation for oral language. The message or statement in one language should have its translated to target language expression. The expression then should be equivalent in term of semantic (meaning) and stylistic (the style of language). The equivalent text requires the translation to be as similar as possible in case of delivering message in the source language (SL) to the target language (TL) reader. Bell (1997) defines the definition for “equivalence”:

Texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent, in respect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis, etc.) and different ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence) (p. 6).

There will be no absolute equivalence which can convey meaning to the target language (TL) as similar as in the source language (SL). But at least, it is sufficient to look for the closest equivalence for each word, phrase and sentence in the target language (TL).

Figure 2.1. The Process of Translation

The figure 2.1 above shows the transformation of a source language text into a target language text. The process takes place in the memory where it analyzes

Source language text

Analysis

Semantic representation

Synthesis

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the source language text into a universal semantic representation and synthesizes the semantic representation into the target language text.

5. Code Switching

In this section, the researcher provides some theories in understanding the definitions of code switching, the types of code switching, and the reason for code switching.

a. Definitions of Code Switching

According to some linguists, code switching is a product of language alternation in the same utterances. A definition of code switching is given by Winford (2003, p. 103), “code switching is the alternate use of two languages (or dialects) within the same speech event.” Auer (1998, p. 5) states that the term code switching refers to “the alternation between two or more languages, dialects, or language registers in the course of discourse between people who have more than one language in common.” Therefore, people may use more than one code in speech instead of employing a single code.

People may switch or mix the codes or languages that they use. Generally one of the two languages is dominant which is called matrix language, while the minor language is the embedded language. This change is indeed expected to have the same meaning. In conclusion, the researcher assumes that code switching is a case where the elements of two languages are found in a single utterance. Based on the previous explanation, it can be said that people switch language because they are able to use those languages. Hence, bilingualism is related to code switching. In addition, code switching can be created by adult bilinguals,

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15 particularly studied in this research. Code switching is possible to be found in the utterances in adults who acquire two languages or more.

b. Types of Code Switching

Every linguist has their own point of view in classifying the types of code switching. Wardaugh (1992, p. 36) classifies three kinds of code switching that may happen in society. They are situational code switching, metaphorical code switching, and conversational code switching. According to Wardhaugh (1992, p. 36), situational code switching happens when the language which is used by a speaker changes according to the situation that is faced by the speaker. The speaker may employ one language in one situation and another language in the different one. The second type is metaphorical code switching. Metaphorical code switching has an affective dimension, for instance formal to informal, official to personal, and serious to humorous. The last type is conversational code switching. Conversational code switching is the juxtaposition in the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical systems or subsystems. This type tends to occur subconsciously as the speakers are motivated by factors when the conversation takes place.

Another classification of code switching is presented by McCormick (1994, p. 582), who states six types of code switching in which the length of the juxtaposed elements and density of language becomes the main point, namely diglossia, situational code-switching, metaphoric code-switching, conversational code switching, single-word code switching and integrated loanwords code switching.

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1) Diglossia

The first type of code switching is diglossia. According to Holmes (2001, p. 9), diglossia is “a feature of speech community rather than individuals.” There are two distinctive varieties of code that exist in diglossia communities, namely high (H) and low (L) variety. High (H) variety is the prestige variety which is used in formal discourse, while low (L) is used in less formal discourse. People may employ H variety in the formal discourse, such as in presentations, interviews, formal correspondences, etc, but then they may switch to L variety when they speak with their close friends, or speak with their family at home. For example, Singapore, which is an English speaking country, is the most appropriate example of diglossic community. Many Singapore citizens use L variety such as Singapore English (shortened as Singlish) and Mandarin in their informal interaction with others such as, when they communicate with their families, when they bargain something in the traditional market, or when they interact with neighbors in their neighborhood. However, they also employ H variety, the Standard English, when they present a presentation in classroom or when they take a walk in interview in a corporate.

2) Situational Code Switching

The second type is called situational code switching. It is “the codes may be perceived as different but be equally valued, and similarity the situations may be differentiated on grounds other than prestige” (McCormick, 1994, p. 583). Based on the statement, the language change depends on the circumstances faced by the speaker since different circumstances may encourage the speaker to exchange the

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17 language used. It happens when people switch from one code to another for reasons which can be identified and it is happened only in one context and without any change of the topic. For example, an English teacher may talk in English for the whole part of the explanatory speech of a present continuous tense to the first-grade students of junior high school. Unfortunately, the students have not understood about the teacher‟s explanation about the lesson, particularly how to use that tense. Then the teacher re-explains the lesson with Bahasa Indonesia. This example gives description that situational code switching happens without any change of the topic.

3) Metaphoric Code Switching

This type of code-switching occurs in a conversation in which the role of relationship between the speakers may change. According to McCormick, (1994, p. 583) metaphoric code switching occurs in “whole conversation, each within one role relationship”. For example, a person goes to tax office to sort out her or his tax forms, and fortunately, the tax officer is her or his neighbor. Then, at first this person may greet the tax officer with their local language, their daily language, but then the person changes her or his language into the formal one to affirm her or his purpose to come to the tax office, which is to sort out her or his tax forms. At this point, the person changes the role of relationship from personal to official. In the other hand, the role of relationship between the speakers in a conversation may change.

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4) Conversational Code Switching

The fourth type is conversational code switching, in which “its occurrence is not dependant on a change of interlocutors‟ topic or situation” (McCormick, 1994, p. 583). There are three smaller types of conversational code switching which allows the speaker to juxtapose various lengths of foreign language elements in her or his utterances. Those three types of code-switching are phrase code switching, clause code switching and whole sentence code switching.

The first type of conversational code switching is clause code switching that happened within a sentence in a form of a clause. Sinclair (2001, p. 204) states that clause is “a group of words, consisting of a subject and a predicate including a finite verb, that does not necessarily constitute a sentence.” It means that phrase is may be either group of words that includes a subject and predicate forming a sentence (independent clause) or a sentence like construction in another sentence (dependent clause).

The second type of conversational code switching is phrase code switching. According to McCormick (1994, p. 583), “chunks within the utterance are called phrase code switching”. Here, phrase is a group of words that forming a unit in a sentence. The phrase could be noun phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, verb phrase or prepositional phrase.

The third type of conversational code switching is called whole sentence code switching. Malik (1994, p. 11) states, “the juxtaposed element is a whole sentence in length, it is called a whole sentence code switching”. This kind of code switching could be recognized if there are signs such as full stop (.), comma

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19 (,), question mark (?), or exclamation (!). Thus, whole sentence code switching is a group of words that consist of a statement, question, or a command that begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop to form a full sentence.

5) Single Word Code Switching

Another term for this type is lexical borrowing. This type of code-switching allows a speaker to use only single word from another language and put it within her or his native language utterances (McCormick, 1994, p. 585). Below is one example of this type of code switching can be seen like this, the announcer is placing an English single word within her native language utterance.

a) Kalo kamu bisa menjawab kamu boleh request dua lagu. [If you answer correctly, you can request two songs].

(Sunset Drive September 18, 2013)

It is clear from the example given that the speaker substitutes an Indonesian word with an English word. In the example, the announcer translates Indonesian word „minta’with an English word „request‟.

6) Integrated Loanwords

This type of code switching happens in a morpheme level (McCormick, 1994). It means that a speaker may integrate a word from a foreign language with affixes of her or his native language to form a certain language expression. The example of this type of code switching can be seen in this sentence, which involves Indonesia and English language. From the example, the speaker combines an Indonesian prefix „di’with an English word „reject‟.

a) Tapi, di-reject sama Blue, if you do not come back

[But, it is rejected by Blue, if you do not come back].

(Sunset Drive September 18, 2013)

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On the other hand, according to Romaine (1995, p. 122) there are three types of code switching such as inter-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching and tag-switching. Tag switching is the insertion of a tag in one language into an utterance which is otherwise entirely in the other language (Romaine, 1995, p. 122). Intra-sentential switching is a code switching that occurs within a sentence. This kind of code switching can be in a form of a single word, a phrase, or a clause. Moreover, inter-sentential code switching is code switching which occurs between sentences. The example of inter-sentential code switching and intra-sentential can be shown in the following case.

a) Intra Sentential Switching

Awal-awal kadang-kadang bilang aku ga bisa nge-reject karena udah punya mantan lagi come back in my life.

[At the beginning, sometimes you say I cannot reject because I have my ex come back in my life].

b) Inter Sentential Switching

Satu lagu ini yang kita puterin. This is one direction with „best song ever‟

special for you.

[This song that we are playing. This is one direction with „best song ever‟ special for you].

c) Tag Switching

You know, diakan artis yang selalu gonta-ganti pasangan itu. [You know, he is the artist who always changing his partner].

(Sunset Drive September 19, 2013) According Asher (1994, p. 128), there are six types of code switching. Those types are diglossia, single word code switching, phrase code switching, sentence code switching, clause code switching and integrated loanwords. This type of code switching is based on the length of juxtaposed elements of

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21 utterances. Therefore, in this study, the researcher combines six types of code switching based on the theories proposed by Asher (1994) and McCormick (1994) which have been stated previously.

c. The Reasons for Code Switching

People switch their language from one language to another language with some reasons. According to Gumperz (1982, p. 75), “code switching is used to build an effective communication between people who are involved”. Gumperz (1982) proposed some reasons of code switching. They are quotation, addressee specification, message qualification, personalization and facility of expression. 1. Quotation

Code switching refers to this reason when a subject of code switching quotes themselves and others to state slogan or maxim, and to sound more credible to be addresses. This is a proof that what he is saying is a fact and the addressee has to believe it. As an example, when a speaker said “I swear kalau

ternyata dia sudah….”, the code switching words “I swear” form a quotation that is quoted by the announcer from experts indirectly to sound more credible to the listeners to believe him.

2. Addressee Specification

In this second reason, this type of code switching aims to direct message to a specific person. “This type of switching is recognizing not only the interacting members of the speech events but it is recognizing that their language act may be more than merely a matter of individual‟s preference or facility, but also a matter of role relations” (Gumperz, 1982, p. 78). As an example, in the “Sunset Drive”

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program, there is a word bro. This word “bro” is used to call people who are listeners of the music program so the announcers and the listeners sound closer. The word „bro‟ is a shorten term for „brother‟. It is usually used among youngsters to call a young man who is familiarized.

3. Message Qualification

Message qualification deals with the switching that consists of qualifying constructions, such as clauses, phrases and sentence (Gumperz, 1982, p. 79). The main message is sometimes in Bahasa Indonesia and in English. When it is in

Bahasa Indonesia, the following English phrases or sentences are used to qualify

message or vice versa. As an example, “Dia sedang menyusun makalah untuk tentang disability people around the world”. Here, the main message is in Indonesian, while the English phrase serves to give more information to the reader what the paper is about.

5. Personalization

The switching reflects personal opinions, feeling, and knowledge of the speaker. As some English expressions are familiar in some situations and contexts, a speaker might feel that English is more personal when talking about a difficult situation and therefore it describes his feeling better. Some English expressions such as “I miss you” and “I love you” are commonly found. People find it strange and awkward to say “Aku rindu kamu” or “aku cinta kamu”. These

expressions are not commonly found in real life. Therefore, people tend to use English expressions as it is more convention and does not look strange.

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23 6. Facility of Expression

In accordance with this study, this kind of reason refers to the lack of Indonesian equivalence for certain words in English. For example, the words “online”, “browser” and “server” do not have exact equivalent words in Bahasa Indonesia. Thus people tend to use the original English words.

In order to have more understanding about the reasons for code switching, the writer also referees theories proposed by another linguist. According to Malik (1994, p. 16), there are ten communicative reasons of code switching. These reasons are lack of facility, lack of register, mood of the speaker, emphasizing a point, habitual experience, semantic significance, showing identity with a group, addressing a different audience, pragmatic reasons, and attraction. Each will be described in the following pages.

1. Lack of Facility

Malik (1994, p. 10) defines that “bilinguals or multilingual often explain that they code switch when they cannot find an appropriate expression or vocabulary item or when the language of conversation does not have the particular word needed to carry on the conversation smoothly”. In accordance with this research, this reason is related to the lack of equivalent words in Bahasa

Indonesia. The writer offered an example below

“Seafood adalah makanan langka di musim penghujan” [Seafood is a rare food in rainy season].

From this example, the word “seafood” has familiar meaning rather than the equivalent word in Bahasa Indonesia “makanan hasil laut”. Thus, people tend to use the original English words “seafood”. In addition, lack of facility also refers to

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the habitual English expressions which are used in some contexts and situations. There are many English expressions commonly used in Indonesia. As a result, this kind of situation creates a tendency in which people use English expression rather than equivalent expressions in Bahasa Indonesia.

2. Lack of Register

It is the condition in which a speaker is not equally competent in two languages, and when the speaker does not know the terms in two languages. In certain occupation code switching takes place in the speech of doctors, lawyers, engineers while they interact among themselves owing to the fact that proper terms in Bahasa Indonesia or in any other language other than English may not be available to them. As a result, people employ the English term that they use familiar with, for example in this case below.

[3] Tadi itu yang falsetto yang bagian belakangnya doang, saya yang nambahin.

[The falsetto is just in the ending part, I add some].

(Sunset Dive September 18, 2013) 3. Mood of the Speaker

Malik (1994, p. 17) claims that when bilinguals are tired or angry, code switching takes place with a new dimension. This means, when the speaker is in the certain state of mind, he/she can spontaneously find the certain English expressions that can represent his annoyance. In the writer‟s opinion, this reason also emphasizes on personal expression or feeling of the speaker toward situation. 4. Emphasizing a Point

Switching is also used to emphasize a certain point of information. Auer (1998, p. 275) reports several instances in which a switch at the end of an

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25 argument not only helps to and the interaction but may serve to emphasize a point. In this case the switching aims to give a stress and to add more force to the statement.

5. Habitual Experience

Malik (1994, p. 19) stresses the fact that “code switching often occurs in fixed phrases of greeting and parting, commands and request, invitation, expressions of gratitude and discourse markers.” In this reason, people use code switching because the expressions used have been a habitual experience in daily life. For example, the announcer opens the program, “Good afternoon listeners.

Ketemu lagi dengan saya.” In this case, “good afternoon” is considered as habitual experience since it is an example of greeting expression.

6. Semantic Significance

All stress that switching at a particular moment conveys semantically significant information (Gumperz 1982, p. 171). It is a communicative resource that builds on participant‟s perception of two languages. Drawing upon this quotation, switching may also serve as an implicit purpose which is only known by particular speakers in certain specific information.

7. Showing Identity with a Group

Pietro (1977, as cited in Malik, 1994, p. 20) states that Italian immigrants would tell a joke in English and give the punch line in Italian, not only because it was better said in Italian but also to stress the fact that they all belong to the same minority group, with shared values and experiences.

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8. Addressing a Different Audience

Malik (1994, p. 21) states that “Code switching is also used when the speaker intends to address people coming from various linguistic backgrounds.” The writer gives an illustration as the example, Yosie, who is Javanese, was talking to Bagas, who is also Javanese. They were accustomed to use Bahasa

Jawa in their conversation. During the conversation, suddenly Simatupang was

not being able to speak Bahasa Jawa, Yosie and Bagas directly switched the language into Bahasa Indonesia. It aimed to make Simatupang could be able to join in the discussion.

9. Pragmatic Reason

Sometimes the alternation between two languages is highly meaningful in terms of the conversational context. Gumperz (1970, as cited in Grosjean, 2001, p. 152) notes that switching may emphasize varying degrees between speakers. As an example, a Javanese student was talking with his lecturer at campus. In some expression, he switched the language with krama alus in order to have a more polite meaning than used Bahasa Indonesia. In addition, this switching is used to show respect to the addressee.

10. Attraction

Malik (1994, p. 22) shows that in advertisement (both in oral and written), code switching is used to attract attention of readers or listeners. In advertisement in Indonesia (both spoken and written), it is found that there are many code switching occurrence. For instance, an advertisement promotes the campaign of Clear hair model, “Clear Hair Model 2013, jadilah terkenal dengan rambut kuat

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dan indahmu!” [Clear Hair Model 2013, be more famous with your strong and beautiful hair]. From this example, the words “Hair Model” are used to attract and to ensure readers that the product is fabulous.

Some additional reasons for code switching are explained by Holmes (2001, pp. 25–26), there are social distance, status relationship, formality and function or goal of the interaction. A particular topic may be discussed in one code than another. Those reasons why people use code-switching in society, whether consciously and unconsciously, will give impact to the using of language in communication itself. The efficiency of using language makes interaction and communication more efficient than using translated version which probably takes longer explanation. As a result, people who have consideration in more than one language will get more chance to deal with wider community.

B. Theoretical Framework

This research investigated code switching phenomena of the radio announcers‟ utterances used in the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM. There are two research problems in this study, namely the types of code switching used in the “Sunset Drive” program and the reasons for using code switching in the “Sunset Drive” program. The major theories that have been stated previously are used by the researcher to solve the research problems stated before in this research. Here are the basic theories in this theoretical framework.

To solve the first research question, the researcher used the theory on types of code-switching from Asher (1994) and McCormick (1994). There are six types of code switching, namely diglossia, single word code switching, integrated

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loanwords code switching, situational code switching, metaphoric code switching, and conversational code switching. Moreover, conversational code switching will be classified into three smaller units, namely phrase code switching, clause code switching and whole sentence code switching. Based on the provided theories, the researcher attempts to identify the types of code switching used by the radio announcers‟ in the “Sunset Drive” program. All code switching collected will be classified based on the theories.

In answering the second research question which deals with the reasons for code switching, the researcher used the theory by Malik (1994) and Gumperz (1982). They are nine reasons for code switching. The researcher attempts to classify the announcers‟ utterances used in the “Sunset Drive” program into some categories, namely linguistic deficiency, quoting someone statement, message qualification, attraction, social status, showing identity with a group, personalization, semantic significance and making a joke. Afterwards, the researcher will identify each category is the possible reasons used in the “Sunset Drive” program. This theory will be the based to accomplish the reasons for code switching among radio announcers in the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM radio. The researcher found that Malik‟s theories (1994) have similarity with the theory proposed by Gumperz (1982). As mentioned above that the theories which are elaborated will be the framework for this research to analyze. It is expected that all theories presented can help the writer to answer the research problems.

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29 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology used in this research to solve the research problems. This chapter consists of six subunits. The first subunit is the research method implemented in the research. The second subunit is the research setting. The third presents the research participants to collect the data. The fourth is the research instruments to analyze the data. The fifth is the data gathering techniques. The sixth part of this chapter is data analysis technique. The last part is the research procedures in this research. This chapter is used as a reference to see how the research was done and how the researcher analyzed the data to answer the problems.

A. Research Method

This research is qualitative research. Qualitative research provides the researcher to explore feelings, opinions and experience of people who involve in the research. This condition is in line with Ary et al. (2002, p. 453) state that “qualitative research did not generally try to test the hypothesis but to seek the

information to describe “what exist” in a situation.” Here, qualitative research

investigates the quality of relationship, activities, or materials in social phenomena. This research was research of social phenomena, namely code switching of radio announcers’ utterances used in the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM.

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One type of qualitative research is document analysis. Since this study was conducted to comprehend written language phenomena in society, in this research the utterances transcription, the method used in this research was document analysis. Leedy and Omrod (2005, p. 142) explain that a document analysis is,

“typically performed on form of human communication, including books,

newspapers, films, television, art, music, videotapes of human interactions, and transcript of conversation.” In document analysis, the materials, such as reports, books, newspapers, films, television, art, music, videotapes of human interactions, and transcript of conversation, might be used as the sources of data. The data for this information was in the form of words from the participants’ utterances in the “Sunset Drive” program. This made this research qualitative.

B. Research Setting

The research was conducted in the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM radio. The “Sunset Drive” program is one of the programs in Swaragama FM

radio owned by Swaragama Group, one of the local companies of radio in Indonesia. The “Sunset Drive” program focuses on its information to the young adult urban female or male world. The “Sunset Drive” program airs every Monday to Friday from 4 PM until 7 PM. There are two main radio announcers in this program and two additional announcers. Many features are served by “Sunset Drive” for listeners. Those are music updates, life styles, news, latest fashion and beauty trends, a reference for hangout, self-improvement, career and personal finance, health, and relationship. Swaragama FM becomes a source for the target listeners who are the modern active youngsters of Indonesia, about 18 years old

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31 until 30 years old, who are aware of global trends and having value as the identity as Indonesia youngsters. It was first aired on February 27, 2000. The mottos of this radio are smart, mature, fun and friendly. It is always updating the information about what is something new in youngsters’ world. The information in the radio provides the listeners with fun information on matters related to music, education, entertainment, career, and health. (Source: Profile of Swaragama FM radio)

The sources of the data were the radio announcers’ utterances that had been collected from September 16 to September 20, 2013. There were five recordings

taken from the “Sunset Drive” program because the researcher only got a

permission to record the program during that time. The researcher chose five editions of topics discussed in the program because the “Sunset Drive” program is five days daily program and the researcher found the phenomena of code switching during those editions.

C. Research Participants

The participants of this study were two main announcers and two additional announcers. The four announcers lived in Yogyakarta, X1, X2, X3, and X4. Most of the announcers graduated from one of Universities in Yogyakarta. Most of the announcers used Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Jawa in their daily communication. When they talked in the radio program, sometimes they switched

Bahasa Indonesia into English. They learned English since elementary until

University. The announcers were the participant of this study. For supporting the results, the researcher interviewed the participants. The researcher interviewed

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few of the participants to get their background that caused them to switch languages. Based on the information about their background, the researcher found that they learned English only at school and used Bahasa Indonesia or Bahasa

Jawa to communicate. However, during the broadcasting in the radio, they often

created switch utterances subconsciously when talking with listeners or other announcers. (Interview on July 8, 2014)

The principle of this research consisted of recording the transcript of interaction between the radio broadcasters and listeners in various situations during the program. This study, however, only used the code-switching of the subject investigated in five recordings with different topics, for instance graduation, jobseeker, falling in love, Wednesday diary and music. Since the

announcers’ utterances in radio program were too broad to be used as a whole, the

researcher classified the utterances based on the day of publication and the topics. The announcers’ recordings were presented in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1. The Data of the Radio Recordings No The Announcers Date of the recording Topic 1 X1, X2, X4, X3 September 16, 2013 Graduation 2 X1, X2, X3, X4 September 17, 2013 Falling in love 3 X1, X2, X3, X4 September 18, 2013 Wednesday diary 4 X1, X2, X3, X4 September 19, 2013 Jobseeker/ banking

5 X1,X2,X3, X4 September 20, 2013 Music

Notes

X1 : Announcer 1 X2 : Announcer 2 X3 : Announcer 3 X4 : Announcer 4

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33 D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

Data needed for this research were in the form of transcription in the “Sunset Drive” program of Swaragama FM. The information about background information, announcers’ opinion and working environment were to be drawn and analyzed to answer the problem formulations. To obtain the data for this research, observation forms and interview were used. The researcher decided to use these two kinds of instruments for their effectiveness and efficiency. Observation forms will provide detail hints about announcers, while interview will provide deep

answer to the announcers’ perception and background towards code switching.

The following parts provide more explanation about them. 1. Observation Forms

The first instrument to collect the research data was observation. The researcher used observation forms as the guideline used for recording data. There were two kinds of observation sheet, namely, observation forms for types of code switching and the reasons of code switching. The researcher classified the code switching categories in Table 3.2 and 3.3. All the observation sheets were intended to discover detailed information about the announcers’ code switching

production. They covered notes about the announcers’ code switching production

and the date of the occurring products. Table 3.2 was used for answering the first research problem regarding the types of code switching used in the data. The data were classified in the Table 3.2 based on each type of code switching. There were six types of code switching that were used for classifying the data. Those six types of code switching are based on the theories from McCormick (1994) and Asher

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(1994). Each type of code switching is given a code, for instance diglossia was given DIG. The other codes could be shown in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2. The Blueprint of the Types of Code Switching Adapted from McCormick (1994) and Asher (1994)

Date CS case Types of Code Switching

DIG SIT MET CON SIN INT

TOTAL Notes

DIG : Diglossic

SIN : Single Word Code Switching CON : Conversational Code Switching SIT : Situational Code Switching MET : Metaphoric Code Switching INT : Integrated Loanwords CS : Code-Switching

Table 3.3 was used to collect the reasons for code switching used in the“Sunset Drive” program. There are six types of possible reasons that are shown in the table 3.3. To answer the second research question, the researcher collected the data from the classification by relating them to the existing theories. The theories used were the theories about the reasons for code switching by Malik (1994) and Gumperz (1982). The table for collecting the reasons for code switching was shown in Table 3.3.

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Date Code Switching Case Reasons of Code Switching

L I N Q U O M E S A T T S H O P E R S E M M A K S O C September 19, 2013

betul, jangan lupa password-nya dong √

September 19, 2013

dan kita udah terhubung sama Lestari. Selamat sore password-nya? √

September 19, 2013

Swaragama FM,the soundtrack of your life. colour your dream and live orange. √

September 19, 2013

Ellie Goulding with „burn‟ yah, hehehe √

September 19, 2013

woww..bener ya ada step by step-nya terasa ya √

September 19, 2013

Tapi memang passion-nya di bank ya mas Made ya. Memang mengikuti dari awal

step-nya selalu di bank ya. Memang tertarikstep-nya sama dunia perbankan. √

September 19, 2013

jadi kalo bisa dijelasin ini adalah dream comes true. Nah kalo dilihat dari basic pendidikannya sendiri sesuai gak siha antara dulu yang dipelajari dengan profesi yang sekarang?

√ September

19, 2013

Apakah getting this career karena kita biasa tahu anak lulusan apa,mahasiswa jurusan apa akhirnya kuliahnya gak nyambung akhirnya malah di banker padahal gak ada

basic. Sebenarnya signifikan gak sih?

√ √

Sept19, 2013 Swaragama FM, the soundtrack of your life. This is Pink with „try‟ akademia jogja. √

September 19, 2013

kalo kamu mencoba untuk move on, ya kan. Tapi kalo kamu masuk kamar kamu sendiri nih penuh barang-barang yang punya kenangan √

September 19, 2013

nah itu dia yang jadi PR susah hahaha..mau apa masuk ke kamar udah mau move on eh tiba-tiba lihat barang-barangnya jadi inget sama si mantan √

September 19, 2013

Nah daripada bikin penuh sama kamar kamu dan kamu move on juga. Jual deh barang-barang yang ga kepake tadi di tokobagus.com √

September 19,2013

jangan lupa follow twitternya @tokobagus untuk info-info lebih lanjut tentang

tokobagus.com. √

September 19, 2013

Okey, latar belakang keluarga itu juga meng-influence jadi poin yang penting juga ya

(2)

Date Code Switching Case Reasons of Code Switching

L I N Q U O M E S A T T S H O P E R S E M M A K S O C September 19, 2013

nice nice dan dikirim sekarang juga ke 08112501017. Walaupun kita akan memberikan goodie bag tapi yang paling penting adalah ilmu yang akan kita dapet

yang bakal di-sharing,

√ September

19, 2013

Swaragama FM, the soundtrack of your life. So wake up everybody, okey dan kita

masih ngobrol-ngbrol sama Tiga profesional senior dari Citibank Indonesia √ √

September 19, 2013

Okey, so is it about system flow √

September 19, 2013

okey dan itu langsung nyambung juga pertanyaan dari twitter @wennykt apakah yang diterima sama bank-bank asing harus lulusan dari luar negeri Dan S2? mungkin dari mbak Ike bisa langsung dijawab. Untuk policy-nya Citibank itu seperti apa?

√ September

20, 2013

bener, it‟s Friday again √

September 20, 2013

Jaman sekarang yang namanya gundah gulana dan galau mah udah jadi makanan sehari-hari. Kurang perhatian kadang-kadang malah diumbar ke social media biar dapat perhatian. Di whatsuppin atau diLinein pacar

√ September

20, 2013

pake lagu yang jadi soundtrack hidup kamu. Pastinya di sunset drive paket panas √

September 20, 2013

Swaragama fm, the soundtrack of your life. Colour your dream and live orange.

Live on the right track and make a change. Gimana udah dijawab temennya? √ September

20, 2013

yes, untuk masalah kecepatan ini, Lenovo k900 with intel inside ini didukung dengan

prosesor intel , feature-nya hyper 3d untuk multitasking baterainya tak terkuras dan tahan lama dalam 300 jam dalam kondisi standby

√ September

20, 2013

yes, dan kamu bisa menangkan hati kami di Sunset Drive paket panas dengan request

lagu yang jadi soundtrack hidup kamu √ √

September 20, 2013

atau bisa mention @swaragamafm. Okey, mau via line atau kakotalk juga bisa tinggal

di-search aja swaragamafm √

September 20, 2013

satu lagu ini yang kita puterin. Wah bakalan suka akademia jogja. This is one direction

with „best song ever‟ special for you √

(3)

Date Code Switching Case Reasons of Code Switching

L I N

Q U O

M E S

A T T

S H O

P E R

S E M

M A K

S O C

September 20, 2013

mother moster ne, bentuknya kayak gimana? √

September 20, 2013

emang Katy Perry lebih ke-ce kali ya. In my opinion…yahhh

September 20, 2013

swaragama fm, the soundtrack of your life. Uuu…lagunya enak kan? √

September 20, 2013

bener, dan lebih jelas juga membuat tagline dan motto academia jogja. Bikin sekreatif dan seunik mungkin. Tagline dari emeron nutrisoft menurut versimu √

September 20, 2013

betul. OK, ketiknya Emeron spasi nama depan kamu sesuai identitas spasi enam digit

tanggal lahir kamu dan spasi tagline-nya √

September 20, 2013

Jangan lupa kalo sudah dikirim nanti kita telfon jangan lupa untuk sebutkan

password-nya hidupkan tiap helai rambutmu. √

September 20, 2013

ok kirim sekarang juga academia jogja ke 08112501017 dan jangan lupa kalo nanti kita

telfon password-nya adalah hidupkan tiap helai rambutmu √

Total 6

15 72 28 20 78 - - -

Notes

LIN : Linguistic Deficiency QUO : Quotation

MES : Message Qualification ATT : to attract attention

SHO : to show identity with a group PER : Personalization

SEM : Semantic Significance MAK : Making a Joke

(4)

100

Appendix 3. Interview Sheet

List of Questions Answer

1. What is your background study? X1: Undergraduate of communication department Majoring of media and journalism. Faculty of Social Science and Politic science. Gadjah Mada University

X2: Undergraduate of Psychology. Faculty of Psychology and Social Culture Science.

2. As radio announcers do you have to have English fluency?

X1: Actually, it is a point plus for an announcers if he or she has fluent in English. In Swaragama Radio, we play international songs, so we at least have to able to pronounce the singers, titles and information in the albums correctly because our announcers have to be smart, mature and fun characters. Therefore, we have to broaden our knowledge and also English fluency too.

X2: Yes, I agree with X1. However, it is again back to individual itself. We have to improve English fluency in order to be more professional.

3. Where did you learn English? Do you learn only at school or course?

X1: Yes, I learned at school and English course. I have learned English since I was a kid. I really like English since then. I had English courses when I was in elementary to junior high school. From senior high school, I learned English by self learning or autodidact. I learned with listening to English songs and watching English movies. I tried to motivate myself if learning English was fun and important. So, even though my English grade was moderate, but I kept learning English. There is a self proud when I can master foreign language. X2: I learned English when I was at elementary until university. I also took English course to improve my English skills. Especially, my job, an announcer, needs English for

(5)

delivering message to listeners. At least as announcer, I have to one step forward know all the information around the world before the listeners.

4. Why does the “Sunset Drive”

program often switch Bahasa

Indonesia to English in the

broadcasting?

X1: Actually the Prime Time programs of Swaragama (YourFriends, SunsetDrive dan Dreamland) are more dynamic. It means that the announcers and producer are able to explore content and program. The Program Director of Swaragama wanted the program to be more appropriate with listeners. The listeners of the program have the age range from 18 years old to 30 years old. The using of English in the daily conversation is quite common among young people. So we often use English in our conversation. X2: It also happens because our call listeners were Akademia Jogja, that means educated people (universities students or high school students), and people such as our listeners are more aware of using English.

Notes:

X1 : Announcer 1 X2 : Announcer 2

(6)

A study of code switching in radio announcers` utterances used in the `Sunset Drive` Program of Swaragama FM Radio.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

A STUDY OF CODE SWITCHING IN RADIO ANNOUNCERS’

UTTERANCES USED IN THE

“SUNSET DRIVE”

PROGRAM

OF SWARAGAMA FM RADIO

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Christina Rina Mahanani

Student Number: 091214020

A STUDY OF CODE SWITCHING IN RADIO ANNOUNCERS’

UTTERANCES

USED IN THE “SUNSET DRIVE”

PROGRAM

OF SWARAGAMA FM RADIO

DEDICATION PAGE

I dedicate this thesis to Jesus Christ, my wonderful Dad,

my beautiful Mother, my lovely brother and sister, and all

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURE

Page

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Parts

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