An Indonesian English Code Switching Used by Announcers at Menara FM Radio Station.

AN INDONESIAN – ENGLISH CODE SWITCHING USED BY ANNOUNCERS AT MENARA FM RADIO STATION

BY:

ANAK AGUNG BAGUS DHARMAWAN 111 835 1038

NON-REGULER PROGRAM ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS & CULTURES

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGES

APPROVAL SHEET ... i

ACKOWLEDGEMENT ... ii

ABSTRACT ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENT ... v

CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1Background of the Study ... 1

1.2Problems of the Study ... 2

1.3Aims of Study ... 2

1.4Scope of Discussion ... 3

1.5Research Method ... 3

1.5.1 Data Source ... 3

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ... 4

1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ... 4

CHAPTER II THESIS REVIEW, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 5

2.1.1 Thesis review ... 5

2.1.2 Journal Review ... 7

2.2 Concepts ... 8

2.2.1 Concept of Code ... 8

2.2.3 Concept of Code Mixing ... 10

2.2.4 Concept of Bilingualism ... 13

2.3 Theoretical Framework ... 14

2.3.1 Bilingualism ... 14

2.3.2 The Types of Code Switching ... 16

2.3.2.1Tag Switching ... 16

2.3.2.2Inter-sentential switching ... 17

2.3.2.3Intra-sentential switching ... 17

2.3.3 The reason for code switching ... 18

CHAPTER IIICODE SWITCHING USED BY ANNOUNCERS AT MENARA FM RADIO STATION ... 24

3.1Introduction ... 24

3.2The Analysis of Codes Switching and The Reasons of Their Uses by Announcers in Menara Radio Bali. ... 24

3.2.1 Tag Switching Analysis ... 25

3.2.2 The Analysis of Inter-Sentential Switching ... 29

3.2.3 The Analysis of Intra – Sentential Switching .... 35

CHAPTER IVCONCLUSION ... 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, In performing this paper, we had to take the help and guidelines to God almighty for his bless to me and some respected persons who deserve my greatest gratitude. The completion of this paper gives me much pleasure. This paper would never be this good without helps and guidance from many side, therefore, in this very moment I would like to show my greatest gratitude to :

1. Prof. Dr I Wayan Cika, M.S as the dean of Faculty of Letters Udayana University, Drs. I Made Winaya, M.Par,. as the head of majors English program Faculty of Letters Udayana University.

2. To my thesis supervisor, Dr. Ni Luh ketut Mas Indrawati. Dip. TEFL, M.A and Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti, S.S., M.Hum for the guidance and time during the writing process of this paper throughout numerous consultations, for your patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. Your guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my S1 study.

3. All staff in Non-Reguler Program of English Department for giving me an information for this paper and about study during 4 years.

4. All of the lecturers in the English Extension Program, Faculty of Letters and Culture, Udayana University. Thank you very much for your determination, passion, and knowledge that had been passed to me in

this past 4 years.

5. To my beloved parents for your supports and special thanks to Intan Darmanika who always gives me motivation all time, all day and never end spirit to finish this paper, you both are my wake up call.

6. To all my friend in college,the member of NOCTURNO: Nano, Yogi, Bagus Arya, Hunter, Ewa, Deni Boyok, Deni Patty, Dode, Adi Gumgum, Ajus, Gustra. Class of 2011 thanks for all memories we‟ve been through for 4 years. You guys are the best, see you on top.

7. All of my co-workers at Angkasa Pura I Airport and my manager I Made Sutantra. I owe you everything.

Denpasar, December 2015

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Study

Communication today has grown up into high level from the old one to modern and through sophisticated technology it make easier to communicate with someone far from us and new way of communication evolved, such as register, slang, jargon, code switching/mixing. The information developed very fast such as: television, internet and radio. Radio as the fastest media to developed the information by the broadcaster, and fulfill the needs of people today of information.

Radio broadcasting in Indonesia had been developed from the quantity and quality. Since the foreigners came to Indonesia, peoples be able to speak English and spread it to other Indonesian. No exception with the Indonesian radio announcers who also have been influenced by English in delivering radio program. They have way to showed their English skill, it way is code switching and it becomes a habit in broadcasting area.

Code switching is a term in linguistics reffering to use more than one language in conversation, it often happen in people who lived with a multilingual or bilingual community because they have a tendency to switch the code when they have a communication with each other. In this era, many languages contact phenomenon occur, such as: through reading, watching movies on a foreign language, listening to the music or the radio on another language, and so on (Thomason, 2001: 146). The brightest example of that is the way one language influenced other through sacred texts and spread of religions, such as: Christianity (spread of Latin and Greek), Buddhism (the Pali language), Islam (Arabic), and so on. English language makes a phenomenon of

bilingualism. The bilingualism encourages the use of code switching between announcers and broadcasters. Bilingualism can be defined as the ability of speaker to speak two languages.

This topic is interested to analyze due to the phenomenon of code switching in radio by the announcers are often used, so that it can influence the development of English language as the communication and it became an important part of everybody in this world. Based on the phenomenon of code switching in radio by the announcers as the data, there are two problems that can be identified.

1.2Problems of the Study

1. What types of code-switching are demonstrated by announcers in Menara FM radio station?

2. What are the probable reasons of the announcer to switch the code?

1.3Aims of Study

1. To identify the types of code-switching often used by the announcers.

2. To figure out and to analyze the reasons of code-switching by the announcers. 1.4Scope of Discussion

To minimize the scope of discussion, the focus is only on Indonesian-English code switching that is often used by the announcers in Menara FM radio station program. The following study points:

a. The types of Indonesian-English code switching. b. The reasons of code switching.

Method is a way, technique, or process of doing some research. Research method is used to give a clear cut idea on what the researcher is carrying out with this study. This section on research method covers three points of discussion: Data source, method and technique of collecting data, and method and technique of analyzing data.

1.5.1 Data Source

The data of the study is recording and written data taken from three program of Menara fm. The writer recorded utterances from the announcers when they were on air on 6 – 8 April 2015 with Break Time program in the morning 08.00 am – 11.00 am, Popi Relaksasi program in the afternoon 14.00 pm – 17.00 pm and Dance Music Charts program in the evening 17.00 pm – 20.00 pm, Every program is always delivered by one announcer, however to make this study better, two announcers with good English are choosen. The program was choosen because it is interesting and code switching was often used.

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data

The data were collected through the recording of Menara fm radio program: Break Time, Popi Relaksasi, and Dance Music Charts. There are three processes when collecting the data. First, recording the program, second, transcribed the recording data to written form, third, listen carefully and identified the data based on the needs of analysis. The reasons to switch the code were found by giving questionnaire to the announcers through email.

1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data

The method that is used in this paper is qualitative method. This research method is aimed to solve the problem by describing the data based on the research. The process of analyzing data started by the following steps: firstly, analyzing and checking the data in order to know the types of code switching used by announcers based on the theory from Poplack (1980), furthermore, analyzing the data whether they belong to, tag switching, intra–sentential switching, or inter–sentential switching. For the reasons of using code switching, the data were analyzed based on the theory by Hoffman (1991) and Savile-Troike (1986) which was sent by email and eight reasons are choosed by the announcers from ten reasons of code switching.

CHAPTER II

THESIS REVIEW, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1.1 Thesis review

The research from Mahendra (2009) entitled Code Switching Used by Announcers at OZ Radio Station. He found that there are three types of code switching in OZ Radio including tag switching, inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential switching. Tag switching occurs when in the utterance involves the interaction of an exclamation, a tag or parenthetical is one language into an utterance which is otherwise entirely in the other language. Inter-sentential switching involves a switch at a clause or sentence boundary where each clause or sentence is in one language or another. Intra-sentential switching involves, arguably, the greatest syntactic risk and may be avoided by all but the most fluent bilinguals.

The factors of code switching, such as setting and scene, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalist, norms of interaction, interpretation and genre as factors of code switching and for the function he used theory of Appel and Musyken. There are six functions of code switching, but from the data he just found five functions. The weakness of this article is lack of word of code switching because some of word of code switching have the same meaning, but the analysis of data is good and easy to learn.

The research from Adnyana (2008) with the title The Use of Code Switching by

Teachers and Mix-inter Marriage Children in Cheeky Monkeys Learning Center. He

found that the stereotyping of speakers by the code that they speak, he concluded seven reasons of code switching and that is completed reasons. He used the method collecting data by doing observation on mixed inter marriage children and questionnaire for the teachers, but the writer should involve the parents of inter marriage for more information

and something new to explain. Based on the analysis, tag switching, and intra sentential often being used by mixed inter marriage children. In this article the weakness are, the data was good because he found many kinds of code switching but he is not involving the parents to get more data and new space for the discussion.

Kumalasari (2008) analyzed about code switching found in “Empat Mata” talk show with the host Tukul Arwana and his assistant Pepy and Vega. All of the functions of code switching, such as to express participant‟s solidarity and status, topic switch, and affective functions are found in the data. “Empat Mata” is an interesting talk show, which has a great probability the use of code switching. In this research, English, Javanese, Chinese, Acehnese, and Padangnese are found as languages used in code switching. However, English is found as the most frequently used language in code switching. Thus, it can be stated that the host and some other guest star or the audiences tend to switch into English incorrectly or insert word per word in the middle of a sentence in order to create an amusing situation and cover their inability in speaking English. In other words, the host and some other audiences do not have a good proficiency in speaking English. This research has a weakness in analyzing the functions of code switching because she was unable to interview Tukul and the other audiences in “EmpatMata” talk show. Therefore, it is interesting for other researchers to analyze the functions of code switching by interviewing Tukul and the other audiences in “Empat Mata” talk show.

2.1.2 Journal Review

The study from Isharyanti (2009) entitle The Occurrences of Code Switching in a Chat Room Based Environment taken from the Jaltcall journal vol: 5. Chat room consists of 12 non-native speakers of English The participants in this study were 12 male participants. Six participants were from an Indonesian background and six participants

were from a Latin American background representing five nations: Colombia, Chile, Uruguay, Mexico, and Argentina. The participants were advanced speakers of English enrolled in different graduate school programs at American universities. This study is unique in the sense that the code alternation phenomena across cultures in communication technlogy is well developed.

Those all studies have a similarity with this study. This study also focused on code switching. The difference from this journal is the term of data source, scope of discussion and the theory to analyze the reasons of code switching. This study used data source from Menara fm Radio Station program.

2.1Concepts

Code switching has often been characterized by seemingly random changes from one language to another. It has had many names and definitions, from “Spanglish” or “Tex-Mex” to code switching, code mixing, or code changing (for the purpose of this paper, the term code refers to different languages, or different varieties or dialects of the same languages. It can occur between the speakers involved in a conversation or within a speech turn of a single speaker. Code switching can appear on several language levels including syntactic, phonological and morphological levels. In this part there are some concepts to support the analysis of this study. There are the concept of code, concept of code switching, concept of code mixing, and concept of bilingualism.

2.2.1 Concept of Code

According to Wardaugh (1986: 99) the neutral term „code‟ can be used refer to any kind of system that two or more people employ for communication furthermore, he

added that the particular dialect or language one chooses to use on any occasion is a „code‟, a system used for communication between two or more parties.

Wardaugh (1986: 86) also states the term code refers to language or variety of language. This is quite similar with Suzanne Romainee‟s concept of code. According to her, the code refers not only to different language, but also to varieties of the same language as styles within a language (Romainee, 1995:121).

In interaction process with others, many people use a number of codes. People always faced with code choice when they speak, and then to choose and use of code rather than another, or use two or more codes in the same time. As Wardaugh states (1986: 86) states that when you open your mouth, you must choose a particular language, dialect, style, register, or variety – that is, particular code.

2.2.2. Concept of Code Switching

Code switching is often in bilingual community as an alternative way in using more than one language. Code switching is the most important thing in the bilingual community because code switching is a part of bilingual itself some bilinguists have definition in the term of „code switching‟. Such as, Di Pietro (1982) defines code switching as the use of more than one language by communicants in a speech act. Valdes Fallis (1982) also mentioned it as the alternation of two languages. Meanwhile Scotton and Ury (1982) proposed code switching as the use of two or more linguistic varieties in the same conversation or interaction.

Grosjean (1982:127) also emphasizes that we cannot avoid the phenomenon of code switching in a society, since bilingualism occurs in every occasion and at any time. Code switching itself is produced when communicating with others; we are constantly changing the variety of the language we use. The example of bilingual below:

1. French – Sweden bilingual speaking French and a switching to Sweden: e.g. viola Clémentineaime la musique xxx (OK Clémentine loves music xxx) men nu såska vi faktisktägnaossåtnågotannat. (but now we will actually do something else)

2. Japanese - English speaking Japanese and switching to English: e.g Reading surebasuruhodo, confusesuroyo. Demo, computer lab niitte, article o print out shinakya (The more reading I have, the more I get confused, but I have to go to the computer lab and need to print out some articles)

2.2.3 Concept of Code Mixing

Code mixing occurs when the speaker use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance (Wardhough, 1986:103). Someone who mixes the codes may have a particular background. However, the background could be different, the language contact and language dependency are the same terms. Both code switching and code mixing include various other language have different functions.

The involvement of code mixing in code switching is also supported by Appel and Muysken (1987:118) who state that intra-sential switching occur in the middle of the sentence, as in 'starting acting real CURIOSA'. This type of intimate is often called code mixing. Though more subtle than code switching, where piece of one language are used while speaker is basically using another language. In many situations, the speakers use the grammar and lexicon just one language when producing utterances. But this not

absolutely necessary. Thus we find the utterance of the following type (Appel and Muysken, 1987:117)

1. Salesman se oved kase can make a lot of money.

A salesman who works hard make a lot of money. (Daron, 1983 in Appel and Muysken)

2. Lo puso under arrest. He arrested him.

Spanish - English (Lance, 1975 in Appel and Muysken) 3. You can do it Zondang Doen.

You can do it on Sunday.

English - Dutch (Crama and Gelderen, 1984 in Appel and Musyken) In the example (1) shows the language mixes between Hebrew and English. Hebrew is in italic and English is not in italic. While, in the example (2) show the mixes between Spanish and English. Spanish is not in italic and English is in italic. Last example (3) shows that the mixes between English and Dutch. The English is not in italic and Dutch is in italic.

The type of utterances known as code mixing is one of sociolinguistic phenomenon, especially in term of bilingualism. Bilingual code mixing is the use of elements (phonological, lexical, and morpho-syntactic) from two languages in the same utterance of conversation. The phenomenon of code mixing also can take when a particular language cannot represent a particular idea from some other language, it would probably feel strange if we just translate it. For example, "Have a good time" in Indonesian people cannot find the equivalent of those English expressions or if they happen to have them, they might not be commonly used in the communication.

Code-mixing and code-switching may or may not be done intentionally. It depends on where and with whom you are interacting. Sometimes we use two different languages at the same time without realizing it. Sometimes we do it when we lack the particular vocabulary for a specific term or object. And sometimes we do it to show off that we know and can manage to talk fluently in two different languages. In advertisements, TV commercials, and day-to-day conversations we can get numerous examples of code-mixing. The growing use of English is making us to code-mix most of the time. In India, where every individual is bound to know at least two. Code-switching depends a lot on how formal or informal you are with a certain person, whether it's appropriate to code-mix with a certain individual or not. Code-mixing has given rise to new languages like Hinglish (Hindi + English), Benglish (Bengali + English), Tanglish (Tamil + English) and so on. Let's look at some TV commercials where the growing use of Hinglish cannot be ignored.

2.2.4. Concept of Bilingualism

Statement made by Lewis (1976) Bilingualism has been and is nearer to the normal situation than most people are willing to believe (p. 151). Bloomfield‟s (Bilingualism 1933: 56) would specify ‟native-like control of two languages as the criterion for bilingualism. Haugen (Bilingualism 1953: 7) draws attention to the other end, when he observes that bilingualism begins when the speaker of one language can produce complete meaningful utterances in the other language. Diebold (Bilingualism 1964) gives what might be called a minimal definition of bilingualism when he used the term „incipient bilingualism‟ to characterize the initial stages of contact between two languages.

Bilingualism exists in three types of countries: “Monolingual”, “bilingual”, and “multilingual.” It is important to note that is progression in no way reflects the degree of bilingualism that really exists in these countries as we will see, many so closed monolingual countries have a high percentage of speakers to use two or more languages on a regular basis, whereas many multilingual countries have rather few bilinguals.

In this study the term of bilinguals as the alternate use of two languages may cause the occurrence of code switching of the bilinguals from one code to other in the daily interaction between announcers and the audience. The bilinguals are productive in using both languages, Indonesian and English, particularly in spoken form appropriated to this study in a certain occupation in the radio broadcasting.

2.3.Theoretical Framework

In this research theoretical framework is very important since all the theory in this chapter used to analyze the data. The main theory that is used in this study is theory proposed by Poplack (1980) about the types of code switching, and supported theory proposed by Hoffman (1991) and Savile-Troike (1986) about the reasons for code switching.

2.3.1. Bilingualism

A brief description about bilingualism is given in the following quotation:

Bilingualism can happen if there is fairly large and complex speech community, therefore the people in that community become aware of acquiring several languages (Platt, 1975:88):

As a human, we are social beings who are always committed to a certain group of people called community. A particular community has its own characteristics, including

the way of communication. This community called speech community. Since the members of the same speech community should share linguistics norms or share understanding and values of attitudes toward language varieties present in their community, it is not strange that large and complex speech community and can emerge bilingualism. The more people do an interaction with different speech community, the more people master more than one language. Even it can be multilingualism within the advancement of knowledge and technology in which people discover a lot of media tools.

It can be concluded that bilingualism is person who has some functional ability in the second language or “the native-like” control of two languages. It is because bilinguals can produce completely meaningful utterances in the other language.

In addition, Gumperz (1971: 222) also mentioned that bilingual people usually use their own idioms for in group communication and the common language for their interaction and communication with outsiders. In this case, the bilinguals have a repertoire of domain-related rules of language choices (Spolsky, 1998:46). It means that bilinguals are able to choose which language they are going to use.

In other words, since the members of a bilingual community vary in the capacity of mastering the languages used in the community, they have to be able to set a condition where they can to communicate effectively. This condition leads them to do code mixing and code switching.

2.3.2. The Types of Code Switching

Poplack (1980) as citied in Romaine (1995: 122-123) classified three types of code switching, namely: tag switching, inter-sentential switching, and intra-sentential switching.

2.3.2.1. Tag Switching

According to Poplack (1980), this kind of switching involves the insertion of a tag one language into an utterance which is otherwise entirely in the order language, e.g. you know. I mean, etc. Since tags are subject to minimal syntactic restrictions, they may be easily inserted at a number of points in a monolingual utterance without violating syntactic rules. Specifically, tag switching can be in the form of exclamation and parenthetical. Exclamation is a short sound, word, or phrase which is emphasizing something or expressing sudden surprise, pain, etc. a parenthesis is a word, phrase, or sentence which is inserted as an extra explanation or idea into a passage. In writing, tag switching is usually separated from the rest by bracket, dashes, or commas. As below:

a. In Punjabi/ English code switching.

I mean subconsciously, Keri Jane, you know (English tag) b. In Finnish/English code switching.

Malta en ma viitynyl, no way (English tag) c. In Spain/English code switching.

es difícil encontrar trabajo estes dias, YOU KNOW? (English tag) (Romaine, 1989).

According to Poplack (1980), this kind of switching which involves a switch at a clause or sentence boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language or another it may also occur between speaker turns. Inter-sentential switching can be thought of as requiring greater fluency in both languages than tag switching since major poison of utterance must confirm to the rules of both languages.

For example:

Spanish / English code switching

- Sometimes, I‟ll start the sentence in English, Y termino in espanol. (Sometimes, I‟ll start the sentence in English, and finish it in Spanish)

2.3.2.3. Intra-sentential switching

According to Poplack (1980), intra-sentential switching evolves, arguably, the greatest syntactic risk, and may be avoided by all but the most fluent bilinguals. Switching of different types occurs within the clause or sentence boundary. This type of intimate switching is often called code mixing. This type of code switching requires the most fluency of all types of code switching because it requires speakers to switch to the rules of syntax of the other language mid-thought or sentence, and consequently may be avoided by all but the most fluent of bilingual speakers (Lipski, 1985). An example was taken from Tokpisin/English by Romaine (1989:123):

- What‟s so funny? Come be good. Otherwise, yu hai go long kot.

(What‟s so funny? Come be good. Otherwise, you‟ll go to court) - I started acting real curiosa, you know.

- I started acting real strange, you know. (Appel and Muysken, 1987:118) It may also include mixing within word boundaries. For example: English word with Punjabi inflectional morphology, e.g. shoopa (shop).

2.3.3. The reason for code switching

According to Hoffman (1991: 116), there are several reasons for bilinguals to switch or mix their language. As follows:

1. Talking about a particular topic

People sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one language rather than another. Sometimes a speaker feeds free and more comfortable to express their emotional feelings in a language that is not their everyday language.

2. Quoting somebody else

People sometimes like to quote a famous expression or saying of some well-known figures. In Indonesian, those well-known figures are mostly from some English-speaking countries. Then because of many of the Indonesian people nowadays are good at English, those famous expression or sayings can be quoted intact in their original language.

3. Being emphatic about something

Usually, when someone who is talking using a language that is not native tongue suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, he/she, either intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second language to his first language. Or, on the other hand, there are some cases where people feel more convenient to be emphatic in their second language rather than in their first language.

Language switching and language mixing among bilingual or multilingual people can sometimes mark an interjection or sentence connectors. It may happen unintentionally or intentionally.

5. Repetition used for clarification

When a bilingual wants to clarify his/her speech so that it will be understood more by the listener, he/she can sometimes use both of the languages that he masters saying the same utterance (the utterance is said repeatedly).

6. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor

When bilingual talks to another bilingual, there will be lots of code switching and code mixing occurs. It means to make the content of his/her speech runs smoothly can be understood by the hearer.

7. Expressing group identity

Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group identity. As it has been mentioned previously, the way of communication of academic people in their disciplinary groupings, are obviously different from other groups. In other words, the way of communication of one community is different from the people who are out of the community (Barnett, 1944: 7).

Additional reasons are given by Savile-Troike (1986:69), as follow: 1. To soften or strengthen request or command

Actually, code switching and code mixing can also strengthen a command since the speaker can feel more powerful than the listener because she/he can use a language that not everybody can. So, it can be said that for

Indonesian people, mixing and switching Indonesian language into English can also soften a request because English is not their native tongue so it does not sound as direct as Indonesian language.

2. Because of real lexical need

The most common reason for bilinguals to switch or mix their language is due to the lack of equivalent lexicon in the languages. When an English-Indonesian bilingual has a word that is lacking in English, he will find it easier to say it in Indonesian language. And vice versa, when he/she has a word that is lacking in Indonesian language, he/she will use the English term.

3. To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only limited audience.

Sometimes people want to communicate only to a certain people or community they belong to. To avoid other community or people are interfering their communication, they may try to exclude those people by using the language that not everybody knows or masters.

the way of communication. This community called speech community. Since the members of the same speech community should share linguistics norms or share understanding and values of attitudes toward language varieties present in their community, it is not strange that large and complex speech community and can emerge bilingualism. The more people do an interaction with different speech community, the more people master more than one language. Even it can be multilingualism within the advancement of knowledge and technology in which people discover a lot of media tools.

It can be concluded that bilingualism is person who has some functional ability in the second language or “the native-like” control of two languages. It is because bilinguals can produce completely meaningful utterances in the other language.

In addition, Gumperz (1971: 222) also mentioned that bilingual people usually use their own idioms for in group communication and the common language for their interaction and communication with outsiders. In this case, the bilinguals have a repertoire of domain-related rules of language choices (Spolsky, 1998:46). It means that bilinguals are able to choose which language they are going to use.

In other words, since the members of a bilingual community vary in the capacity of mastering the languages used in the community, they have to be able to set a condition where they can to communicate effectively. This condition leads them to do code mixing and code switching.

2.3.2. The Types of Code Switching

Poplack (1980) as citied in Romaine (1995: 122-123) classified three types of code switching, namely: tag switching, inter-sentential switching, and intra-sentential switching.

2.3.2.1. Tag Switching

According to Poplack (1980), this kind of switching involves the insertion of a tag one language into an utterance which is otherwise entirely in the order language, e.g. you know. I mean, etc. Since tags are subject to minimal syntactic restrictions, they may be easily inserted at a number of points in a monolingual utterance without violating syntactic rules. Specifically, tag switching can be in the form of exclamation and parenthetical. Exclamation is a short sound, word, or phrase which is emphasizing something or expressing sudden surprise, pain, etc. a parenthesis is a word, phrase, or sentence which is inserted as an extra explanation or idea into a passage. In writing, tag switching is usually separated from the rest by bracket, dashes, or commas. As below:

a. In Punjabi/ English code switching.

I mean subconsciously, Keri Jane, you know (English tag) b. In Finnish/English code switching.

Malta en ma viitynyl, no way (English tag) c. In Spain/English code switching.

es difícil encontrar trabajo estes dias, YOU KNOW? (English tag) (Romaine, 1989).

According to Poplack (1980), this kind of switching which involves a switch at a clause or sentence boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language or another it may also occur between speaker turns. Inter-sentential switching can be thought of as requiring greater fluency in both languages than tag switching since major poison of utterance must confirm to the rules of both languages.

For example:

Spanish / English code switching

- Sometimes, I‟ll start the sentence in English, Y termino in espanol. (Sometimes, I‟ll start the sentence in English, and finish it in Spanish)

2.3.2.3. Intra-sentential switching

According to Poplack (1980), intra-sentential switching evolves, arguably, the greatest syntactic risk, and may be avoided by all but the most fluent bilinguals. Switching of different types occurs within the clause or sentence boundary. This type of intimate switching is often called code mixing. This type of code switching requires the most fluency of all types of code switching because it requires speakers to switch to the rules of syntax of the other language mid-thought or sentence, and consequently may be avoided by all but the most fluent of bilingual speakers (Lipski, 1985). An example was taken from Tokpisin/English by Romaine (1989:123):

- What‟s so funny? Come be good. Otherwise, yu hai go long kot. (What‟s so funny? Come be good. Otherwise, you‟ll go to court) - I started acting real curiosa, you know.

- I started acting real strange, you know. (Appel and Muysken, 1987:118) It may also include mixing within word boundaries. For example: English word with Punjabi inflectional morphology, e.g. shoopa (shop).

2.3.3. The reason for code switching

According to Hoffman (1991: 116), there are several reasons for bilinguals to switch or mix their language. As follows:

1. Talking about a particular topic

People sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one language rather than another. Sometimes a speaker feeds free and more comfortable to express their emotional feelings in a language that is not their everyday language.

2. Quoting somebody else

People sometimes like to quote a famous expression or saying of some well-known figures. In Indonesian, those well-known figures are mostly from some English-speaking countries. Then because of many of the Indonesian people nowadays are good at English, those famous expression or sayings can be quoted intact in their original language.

3. Being emphatic about something

Usually, when someone who is talking using a language that is not native tongue suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, he/she, either intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second language to his first language. Or, on the other hand, there are some cases where people feel more convenient to be emphatic in their second language rather than in their first language.

Language switching and language mixing among bilingual or multilingual people can sometimes mark an interjection or sentence connectors. It may happen unintentionally or intentionally.

5. Repetition used for clarification

When a bilingual wants to clarify his/her speech so that it will be understood more by the listener, he/she can sometimes use both of the languages that he masters saying the same utterance (the utterance is said repeatedly).

6. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor

When bilingual talks to another bilingual, there will be lots of code switching and code mixing occurs. It means to make the content of his/her speech runs smoothly can be understood by the hearer.

7. Expressing group identity

Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group identity. As it has been mentioned previously, the way of communication of academic people in their disciplinary groupings, are obviously different from other groups. In other words, the way of communication of one community is different from the people who are out of the community (Barnett, 1944: 7).

Additional reasons are given by Savile-Troike (1986:69), as follow: 1. To soften or strengthen request or command

Actually, code switching and code mixing can also strengthen a command since the speaker can feel more powerful than the listener because she/he can use a language that not everybody can. So, it can be said that for

Indonesian people, mixing and switching Indonesian language into English can also soften a request because English is not their native tongue so it does not sound as direct as Indonesian language.

2. Because of real lexical need

The most common reason for bilinguals to switch or mix their language is due to the lack of equivalent lexicon in the languages. When an English-Indonesian bilingual has a word that is lacking in English, he will find it easier to say it in Indonesian language. And vice versa, when he/she has a word that is lacking in Indonesian language, he/she will use the English term.

3. To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only limited audience.

Sometimes people want to communicate only to a certain people or community they belong to. To avoid other community or people are interfering their communication, they may try to exclude those people by using the language that not everybody knows or masters.