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c. The Cooperative Learning Principles
Many principles have been proposed for Cooperative Learning. Below is one list of seven principles of CL.
1 Heterogeneous grouping: this principle means that the groups
are mixed on sex, ethnicity, social class, religion, personality, age, and diligence.
2 Collaborative skills: collaborative skills, such as giving
reasons, are those needed to work with others. 3
Group autonomy: it is to encourage students to look to themselves for resources rather than relying solely on the
teacher. 4
Equal participation: each member has the same portion of participation and contribution.
5 Individual accountability: it has students try to learn and to
share their knowledge and ideas with others. 6
Positive interdependence: it facilitates students to want to help each other and to see that they share a common goal.
7 Cooperation as value: it involves taking the feeling of “all for
one, one for all” and expanding it beyond the small classroom group to encompass the whole class, the whole school, on and
on, bringing in increasingly greater numbers of people and other beings into students’ circle on ones with whom to
cooperate.
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d. The Techniques of Cooperative Learning
Below, three simple CL are described. 1
Write-pair-switch a
Each student works alone to write answers. b
In pairs, students share answers. c
Students switch partners and share their former partner’s idea with their new partner.
2 Question-and-answer pairs
a Students work alone to write one or more questions.
b They write answers to their questions on a separate sheet of
paper. c
They exchange questions but not answers. d
After students have answered their partner’s questions, they compare answers.
3 Team practice from common input: skills development and
mastery of facts a
All students work on the same material. b
The task is to make sure that everyone in the group knows the answer to a question and can explain how the answer
was obtained too. c
The group takes the practice test together but each student will eventually do an assignment or take a test individually.
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e. Three Types of Cooperative Learning