Ideologies revealed through metaphorical expressions in Ayatollah Ali Khamenei`s July 18th 2015 translated speech related to nuclear deal agreement

IDEOLOGIES REVEALED THROUGH

METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN AYATOLLAH

ALI KHAMENEI’S JULY 18

TH

_{2015 TRANSLATED SPEECH}

RELATED TO NUCLEAR DEAL AGREEMENT

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

IVONNE KEZIA Student Number: 124214080

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2017

ii

IDEOLOGIES REVEALED THROUGH

METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN AYATOLLAH

ALI KHAMENEI’S JULY 18

TH

_{2015 TRANSLATED SPEECH}

RELATED TO NUCLEAR DEAL AGREEMENT

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

IVONNE KEZIA Student Number: 124214080

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2017

vii

“We need to learn to love

ourselves first, in all our glory

and our imperfections.”

John Lennon

“Like wildflowers;

you must allow yourself

to grow in all the places

people thought you never

would.”

E.V

viii

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I sincerely want to thank Dr. Bernardine Ria Lestari, M.S. for being my thesis advisor. She is the one who gives me the inspiration to use the metaphorical expressions in revealing the ideologies of the translated speech. Not to mention, she guides me whenever I feel doubtful by giving valuable direction of analysis. I also want to thank my co-advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. for giving me insightful feedbacks and additional theories for strengthening the depth of analysis in this undergraduate thesis.

The constant support and love provided by my family enable me to finish this undergraduate thesis. I want to thank Dad, Mom, Kefas, and Ketty for listening to my whining and grumbling calls during the process of finishing the study. Their support and trust enable me to finish this study.

I would like to thank Nita, Dewi, Yanzher, Ade, and Indri for the spirit of sisterhood that they give to encourage me in finishing the study. The specific

‘thank you’ message is given to Qivany Evangelista Lumantouw, S.Hum for giving me continuous motivation from Bekasi.

To my musketeers, Tjia and Tyas, I thank them for becoming my “home” in Yogyakarta. I thank Kak Sekar, Kak Didy, and Kak Caca for nurturing and guiding me in every possible way that they can. Lastly, I thank English Debating Society (EDS) Sanata Dharma for giving me opportunities to expand my knowledge. I hope all of us can give positive contribution to the society one day.

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... vi

MOTTO PAGE ... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

LIST OF TABLES ... xii

ABSTRACT ... xiii

ABSTRAK ... xiv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 5

C. Objectives of the Study ... 5

D. Definition of Terms ... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 8

A. Review of Related Studies ... 8

B. Review of Related Theories ... 14

1. Semantics ... 14

2. Conceptual Metaphor Theory ... 16

3. Critical Discourse Analysis ... 17

4. Ideology ... 19

C. Theoretical Framework ... 20

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 21

A. Object of the Study ... 21

B. Approach of the Study ... 22

C. Method of the Study ... 22

1. Data Collection ... 23

2. Data Analysis ... 23

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) ... 24

A. Metaphorical Expressions in Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s Speech ... 25

1. Long ... 27

2. Made ... 31

xi

4. Paying ... 36

5. Rewarded ... 38

6. Filled ... 40

7. Deliver ... 43

8. Way ... 45

9. Placed ... 47

10. Arrogant ... 49

11. Rach ... 52

12. Expand ... 55

13. Force ... 57

14. Dragged ... 59

15. Surrender ... 62

B. Ideologies in Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s Speech... 62

1. National Confidence ... 62

2. Anti-Americanism ... 66

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 71

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 73

xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Data findings ... 24

Table 2. Semantic properties of long and extensive ... 27

Table 3. Semantic properties of make and do ... 31

Table 4. Semantic properties of take and carry ... 33

Table 5. Semantic properties of pay and give ... 36

Table 6. Semantic properties of reward and award ... 38

Table 7. Semantic properties of fill and stuff ... 40

Table 8. Semantic properties of deliver and report... 43

Table 9. Semantic properties of way and road ... 45

Table 10. Semantic properties of place and establish ... 47

Table 11. Semantic properties of arrogant and condescending ... 49

Table 12. Semantic properties of reach and arrive ... 52

Table 13. Semantic properties of expand and develop ... 55

Table 14. Semantic properties of force and hound ... 57

Table 15. Semantic properties of drag and heft ... 59

Table 16. Semantic properties of surrender and defer ... 62

Table 17. Source Domain of Metaphor and Metaphorical Expressions Revealing National Confidence ... 62

Table 18. Source Domain of Metaphor and Metaphorical Expressions Revealing Anti-Americanism ... 66

xiii ABSTRACT

KEZIA, IVONNE. Ideologies Revealed Through Metaphorical Expressions in

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s July 18th 2015 Translated Speech Related to Nuclear

Deal Agreement. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2017.

Giving a political speech is one of the platforms used by politicians to explain and to attract the attention of the society toward the issues they intend to convey. However, politics is a complicated issue which is hard to be understood and digested. Thus, in order to make the society understand, the politician uses metaphorical expressions to simplify the complexity because human thought processes are largely metaphorical. Not to mention, the deliberate intention of the politician in choosing particular metaphorical concept implies hidden ideologies that the politician have. This study is conducted to reveal the ideologies of the most powerful politician in Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who uses metaphorical expressions in expressing his concerns about the nuclear deal agreement.

There are two problems formulated in this study. The first one is identifying the metaphorical concepts found in Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s speech by determining the source domain and abstract domain of the metaphorical expressions. The second one is finding the ideologies within the speech using the metaphorical expressions found inside it.

The object of study is the translated speech of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’ July 18 2015 related to nuclear deal agreement. The study employs Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) in answering the first problem. The first step is finding the metaphorical expressions by using the lexical semantic approach to define the words in isolated meaning. The next step is applying componential analysis strategy to compare semantic properties of particular metaphorical expressions with another expressions that are closely related to it. Then, the source domain and target domain of the metaphorical expression is determined through set of correspondences and context of the speech. In revealing the ideologies of the speech, it is strated with the hypothesis. To prove the hypothesis, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is applied by classifying the metaphorical expressions that reflect particular ideologies into one and examine the meaning beyond the metaphorical expressions.

There are 15 metaphorical expressions found in the study classified into 9 metaphorical concepts. Those concepts are journey, product, building, judge, war, barrier, human, container, and valuable commodity metaphor. Khamenei uses metaphorical expressions whenever he addresses the negotiation process of nuclear deal agreement and the relationship with The United States of America. For the ideologies, Khamenei stands for the national confidence and anti-Americanisms.

xiv ABSTRAK

KEZIA, IVONNE. Ideologies Revealed Through Metaphorical Expressions in

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s July 18th 2015 Translated Speech Related to Nuclear

Deal Agreement. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2017.

Pemberian pidato politik adalah salah satu media yang digunakan oleh politikus untuk menjelaskan dan menarik perhatian masyarakat terhadap isu – isu yang ingin di sampaikan. Namun, politik adalah isu yang sulit untuk dimengerti dan dipahami. Politikus menggunakan ekspresi metaforis untuk menyederhanakan tingkat kesulitan pembahasan supaya masyarakat mengerti isu yang sedang dibahas karena sebagian besar proses berpikir manusia menggunakan metafora. Kesengajaan politikus dalam memilih beberapa konsep metaforis memiliki ideologi – ideologi tersembunyi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan ideologi – ideologi yang dipercayai oleh politikus paling berpengaruh di Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, yang menggunakan ekspresi – ekspresi metaforis untuk menyuarakan perhatiannya tentang isu perjanjian kesepakatan nuklir.

Penelitian ini memiliki dua rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah pertama adalah mengidentifikasi konsep - konsep metaforis yang terdapat dalam pidato Ayatollah Ali Khamenei dengan menentukan domain sumber dan domain tujuan. Rumusan masalah kedua adalah menemukan ideologi – ideologi yang terdapat dalam pidato dengan menggunakan ekspresi – ekspresi metaforis yang ditemukan.

Objek penelitian ini adalah pidato Ayatollah Ali Khamenei pada tanggal 18 Juli 2015 tentang perjanjian kesepakatan nuklir yang telah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa inggris. Penelitian ini menggunakan Teori Metafora Konseptual (CMT) dalam menjawab masalah pertama. Langkah pertama adalah menemukan ekspresi – ekspresi metaforis menggunakan pendekatan semantik leksikal untuk mendefinisikan arti kata. Langkah selanjutnya adalah mengaplikasikan strategi analisis komponensial untuk membandingkan komponen – komponen semantik yang ada pada ekspresi – ekpresi metaforis dengan ekspresi lain yang maknanya berkaitan. Selanjutnya, domain sumber dan domain tujuan ditentukan melalui kumpulan korespondensi dan konteks pidato. Penerapan Analisis Wacana Kritis (CDA) digunakan untuk mengungkap ideologi dalam pidato dengan cara mengklasifikasikan ekspresi – ekspresi metaforis yang mencerminkan ideologi yang sama ke dalam satu pembahasan dan mengidentifikasi makna dibalik ekspresi – ekspresi metaforis.

Hasil penelitian ini berupa 15 ekspresi – ekspresi metaforis yang diklasifikasikan ke dalam 9 konsep metaforis. Konsep – konsep tersebut adalah metafora journey, product, building, judge, war, barrier, human, container, dan valuable commodity. Khamenei menggunakan ekspresi – ekspresi metaforis ketika menjelaskan proses negosiasi perjanjian kesepakatan nuklir dan hubungan politik dengan negara Amerika Serikat. Ideologi – ideologi yang tersembunyi dalam pidato Khamenei adalah national confidence dan anti-Americanisms.

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Political speech is an essential platform for statesmen (politicians) to announce policy or stance which they believe in particular issue, and persuade their people to believe in it (Beard, 2000: 35). Understanding that political speech is a very crucial one-way means of communications for the statesmen, language becomes a crucial tool to communicate the intended message of the statesmen. Thus, the speech is usually prepared beforehand. Methodologically, persuasive

technique is applied to help boosting the politician’s popularity after the speech. It

is usually delivered in inductive arguments starting with explaining specifics reason followed by general conclusions.

In informing the society about the current political issue and encouraging

them to support government’s stance related to that issue, the politician has to select strategic platform or event where most society can gather and listen to it. Not to mention, understanding the types of society is necessary to produce the most effective speech. In an Islamic Republic country like Iran, sermon is a strategic platform of political speech. Sermon is a public preaching about religion delivered during a service, be it Christian, Catholic or Islam. The one who delivers the sermon is usually a religious leader.

Despite the fact that the purpose of sermon is to give religious preaching, religious leader uses it as means to convey their political stance as well. Brown

and Hartfield support this by explaining that the clergy are molded in political environment and their voices are considered impactful (2001: 4). It happens since religious leader in Islamic Republic country holds the highest authority. Thus, it can be concluded that the supreme leader is also a statesman since they involve in the political affair. It can be proven from the fact that all state affairs have to be conducted under the supervision and permission of the religious leader.

In persuading the followers about their political stance, the religious leader may use rhetorical devices, figurative language or lexical items (Irimiea, 2010: 44-45) as their method of persuasion. One of the figurative languages that the religious leader used in constructing their political speech is metaphorical expression. The use of metaphorical expressions, a word or phrase to describe an abstract idea or concept with concrete idea, in the political speech is considered as arguably important, for it degrades the complexity of political process so that the society will understand the politics as a discourse that is not as difficult as they think. If the society believe that politics is an understandable topic, then they are encouraged to be more participative in engaging with the issues delivered by the politicians. This is in line with what Vestermark noted, “The use of metaphor as a part of figurative language aims to help the listener to visualize what is meant by a phrase or expression (2007: 1).”

Not to mention, Lakoff and Johnson believe that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action (1980: 3). It means

that human’s thought, or conceptual system, is governed by metaphor and it contributes in structuring human’s way of thinking. They add that human is not

aware with this fact (1980: 3). It is proven on how human often uses the concept of war in perceiving the argument. Human uses vocabulary of war e.g. attack a position, indefensible, new line of attach, etc (1980: 7). Thus, it is necessary to analyze metaphorical expression within a political speech as strategic means in explaining the complex political issue.

Furthermore, the decision to prefer one metaphorical expression than the other one may be based on ideological purpose, that is, the belief or the stance that the statesmen stand upon. Fairclough states that “a range of properties of texts is regarded as potentially ideological, including features of vocabulary and metaphors, grammar, presuppositions and implicatures, politeness conventions, speech-exchange (turn-taking) systems, generic structure, and style (1995: 2)”. Thus, the use of particular metaphorical expressions in political speech is the reflection of the ideology of the statesmen.

Talking about the function of political speech, statesmen use it to address the controversial issue which affect the life of society. They also use it to gain trust of the society toward their agenda. One of the controversial issues is the nuclear deal agreement between Iran and United States with United Kingdom, France, China, Russia, Germany and European countries (known collectively as P5+1) on July 14th 2015 in Vienna, Austria. This agreement is considered as controversial because Iran is labelled as an uncooperative country in the

international’s eyes for Iran has ever violated the nuclear agreement before. As the consequences, the Iranian society have to live under economic turmoil because Iran is economically sanctioned by the international society.

Previously, Iran has violated the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear weapons (NPT), an international treaty which aim is to ensure the nuclear is only developed for peaceful purpose, such as empowering energy sector instead of weaponary sector. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) finds that Iran develops more centrifuges components than it supposes to have, and Iran fails to notify the security of those centrifuges. Therefore, in 2006, United Nation Security Council (UNSC) places economic sanctions to Iran.

Therefore, it is important for Iran to address that controversial agreement to be in favor of its people, and, who delivers it matters a lot. Iran government has to explain to Iranian society the reason they agree with the recent nuclear agreement and to gain trust from Iranian society that they are the one who get the benefit of the nuclear agreement so that Iranian society do not feel insecure.

Having the highest position in Iran as a supreme leader since 1989, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is acknowledged as a strong political figure both in domestic and international sphere. Even though Khamenei introduces himself as a spiritual leader (he delivers speech only in Friday prayer or religious commemoration ceremony), the content of his speech often addresses the political policy, and, one of it talks about the nuclear deal agreement.

Understanding that the nuclear deal is a controversial agreement for both Iranian society and International society, it is important to analyze Khamenei’s speech in July 18th 2015 related to nuclear deal agreement so that Iran’s commitment toward the nuclear deal can be proven. This particular translated speech is also chosen because there are not many studies analyzing the ideologies

of the supreme leader of Iran. Meanwhile, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei as the supreme leader is the one who gives doctrine and shape the mindset of society. Thus, through this study, the researcher identifies the metaphorical expressions in the speech and finally discover the ideology that Khamenei hold.

B. Problem Formulation

In order to guide the subject under discussion, the problems in this study are formulated as follows:

1. What are the metaphorical expressions found in Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s July 18th 2015 translated speech?

2. How do the metaphorical expressions found in Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s translated speech reveal the ideologies?

C. Objectives of the Study

This study is conducted in order to answer two problems formulated from

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s July 18th 2015 translated speech related to nuclear deal agreement. The first objective is to identify the metaphorical concept used in the speech. The analysis aims to identify the metaphorical expressions and the metaphorical concept that it belongs to by using the theory proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980) about the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). The metaphorical expressions found in the speech is classified into two parts: source domain and target domain.

The second objective is to reveal Khamenei’s ideologies from the

metaphorical expressions used in the speech. Therefore, this study tries to establish link between metaphorical expressions used by Ayatollah Ali Khamenei

as Iran’s Supreme Leader to his ideologies. Mapping theory in conceptual

metaphor will be used to describe analogical reasoning and infer the meaning of metaphorical expressions by relating it to the context found in the speech.

D. Definition of Terms

There are three important terms that will be defined which are Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Ideology, and Metaphor. According to Gilbert Weiss and Ruth Wodak, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a study that analyzes opaque as well as transparent structural relationship of dominance, discrimination, power and control as manifested in language. In other words, CDA aims to investigate the social inequality that is constitued and legitimized (2003: 15). It means CDA examines the discourse that occurs in particular events by checking the text or speech produced in that event with the conditions of society.

Fairclough (1995: 76) states that ideology is “a conception of the world that is implicitly manifest in art, in law, in economic activity and in the manifestations of individual and collective life. Since it is implicit, it is impossible to understand an ideology can exist without analysing the context of situation that this politician is facing and the condition of people that become the direct listener

is supported by Fairclough (1995: 82) which states that an ideology is disguised and become naturalized as common sense.

Metaphor is understood as a comparison of one thing reflected in another thing (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980: 5). It means that people understand, structurize, perform, and talked about something abstract by using concept that they commonly understand. The expressions produced in metaphor are called metaphorical expressions. It is strengthened by Newmark in his statement that:

A metaphorical expression is any figurative expression which has the transferred sense of physical word, the personification of an abstraction, the way to describe one thing in another, polysemous words, and English phrasal verbs. It may only consist in one word or more such as in idioms, collocation, allegory, sentence, and imaginative texts (Newmark, 1988:104).

One of the examples of metaphorical expression is when Khamenei

states, “That they have made Iran surrender”. The word surrender is used to explain the result of negotiation process. In the context of war (war vocabulary), surrender means a voluntarily action to hand over the power and admit the failure. It happens when one of the armed soldiers is defeated and both conflicted parties agree to stop fighting. However, what Khamenei means is not a physical war where armed soldiers fight with each other, but a verbal war where Iran admit its defeat in terms of argumentation during the negotiation process. Thus, argument is partially structured and talked in terms of war. The metaphorical concept is a concept used in the metaphorical expression to describe things. In this case, argument is war can be understood as metaphorical concept.

8 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

An analysis about metaphorical expression is conducted by Alexander Spencer (2012) in his article The Social Construction of Terrorism: Media, Metaphors, and Policy Implications. Spencer analyses the possibility of using particular metaphorical expressions done by a British tabloid media to shape

society’s stance toward terrorism, and, the possibility that those metaphors may

influence the policy making process related to terrorism act (Spencer, 2012: 396). One of the findings from his journal is the metaphorical expressions found in the British media tabloid named The Sun are part of conceptual metaphor, in which it is a cognitive linguistics where metaphors are more than just a word (Spencer, 2012: 398). He explains that metaphor is an abstract representation of one thing to another in which there is connection between source domain and target domain. For example in creating the concept that terrorism is war, The Sun magazines describes the conflict to resolve terrorism as ‘battles’,

‘warzones’, and ‘frontlines’.

The terrorists are described as ‘suicide squads’ and ‘army’ (Spencer, 2012: 396). In this case, the terrorists are portrayed as an organized military operations in a bad way, therefore it has to be responded by military response in a good way by the British government. Thus, the metaphorical expressions used by The Sun magazine can justify the British Government action to send troops to

Afghanistan as an appropriate and justifiable response to the act of terrorism even though it costs lots of money and innocent life of Afghanistan civilians. The analysis of Spencer contributes to this study in proving that metaphorical expressions can be used in justifying the ideology of particular actor, in this case the British government who send military troops to Afghanistan to respond terrorism act. The Sun magazine helps British government to shape society’s mindset about terrorism, and how they should respond to that.

Thus, it also means that The Sun magazine has a hidden meaning in producing its news. The finding supports the initial assumption of this study that metaphorical expressions may contain ideology of the actors. There are two

differences between Spencer’s journal and this study. The first is in Spencer’s

journal, he scrutinizes how The Sun magazine shape society’s mindset about terrorism by using metaphorical expression. It means the journal uses psychological factor of the readers. However, this study scrutinizes the use of metaphorical expression from linguistic factor to understand its appropriate

meaning. The second is Spencer’s journal analyzes media as discourse,

meanwhile this study analyzes political speech as discourse.

Another study on metaphor is conducted by Adele E. Goldberg and Francesa M.M Citron (2014) with the title Metaphorical Sentences are Emotionally More Engaging than Their Literal Counterparts. This journal explains the reason why metaphorical expressions are more engaging is because the moment people hear metaphorical expressions, the amygdala and the anterior portion of the hippocampus are more active compare with when the people hear

literal expressions (2014: 7). One of the findings of this journal is the left inferior

frontal cluster ‘taste’ metaphor more than it tastes literal expressions. Thus, it

means, when the people read silently the sentence ‘she is very sweet’, there will

be more image or concept received by the people related to their understanding

about the word ‘sweet’. However, if they read the sentence ‘she is very kind’ instead of ‘she is very sweet’, they will not feel engaged. Thus, the uses of literal

word is not evoking any emotional response from the people who hear that.

The journal contributes to this study by supporting this study’s initial assumption that metaphorical expressions can attract more people to imagine and understand the topic which they are listening to because the words contain emotive experience. On the other hand, literal meaning does not have that ability. However, the journal and this study have several differences. The first is that the journal uses neuroscience as its field of study, meanwhile this study uses linguistics, specifically semantics, as the field of study. The second is that the journal wants to compare the impact of metaphorical expressions if people listen to it, meanwhile this study wil analyze the meaning of metaphorical expressions in the speech of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in lexical level.

The study on political speech is conducted by Irene Anindyaputri (2014) in her thesis titled “Ideologies Revealed through Euphemistic Expressions in

Bashar Al Assad’s July 16th 2014 Inauguration English Speech Transcript”. In the thesis, Anindyaputri analyzes euphemistic expressions which are intentionally used by the president Bassar Al-Assad to convey his ideology toward the domestic and international society. In discovering the euphemistic expressions,

she uses the componential analysis of meaning as a strategy to reveal meaning of words and expressions by discovering the semantic properties that lies within it (Anindyaputri, 2014: 29). One of her finding proves that the words used by Bashar Al-Assad lacks of particular semantic properties, therefore those lack can build Bashar Al-Assad’s good image in society. For example in the word subservience. She explains that Bashar Al-Assad uses the word subservience rather than submission or servitude because Bassar Al-Assad wants to show that he and the Syrian government are not controlled by others, they are not dependent and they are willing to cooperate with other country (Anindyaputri, 2014: 34). In this case, Anindyaputri goes further in revealing the ideology of Bashar Al-Assad through his choice of words. She proves that by collecting the semantic properties which are missing from the text, and, she uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to discover the ideology. For example, one of the missing semantic properties is

‘unfair’ from the word ‘opportunist’. As a president, Bashar Al-Assad does not want to create perception among his society that they are treated unfairly by enemies. Assad wants to create perception that the country has dignity and strength so that no one will treat them unfairly (Anindyaputri, 2015: 68). Therefore, the ideology of national strength is derived from the missing semantic properties.

Anindyaputri’s thesis contributes to this study by showing that political

speech is a way used by the statesmen to convey their ideology to the society or the listener, and, the way to scrutinize that is by using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The finding supports this study in which this study uses political speech

as the object of the study. Not only that, the study also uses the same theory to

reveal the politician’s ideology in which it uses Critical Discourse Analysis

(CDA). However, there are 3 differences between Anindyaputri’s and this study. The first is Anindyaputri’s study uses euphemism as it’s focus of analysis.

However, this study uses metaphorical expressions as the focus of analysis. The second difference is Anindyaputri’s study uses componential analysis of meaning as the strategy to discover the euphemistic expression meanwhile this study uses Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) as strategy to discover metaphorical expressions. The third difference is that even though Anindyaputri and this study use political speech as its object, the statesman is different. Anindyaputri chooses Bashar Al-Assad as the statesman, meanwhile this study uses Ayatollah Ali Khamenei as the statesman. It means the ideology of those two statesman may be different as well.

Another study of political speech is conducted by Reza Khany and Zohre Hamzelou (2014) in the title A Systemic Functional Analysis of Dictator’s Speech:Towad A Move-Based Model. In the journal, they analyze the rhetorical structure of political speeches from several dictators such as Hitler, Stalin, Mussilini, Gadhafi, and Mubarak by using Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). They explain that the dictators use their linguistic skill to manipulate the society, so that they can convey their message. The journal, through SFG, classify the use of political speech to sustain the

dictator’s message into three purposes. The first is to highlight commonality, to

current policy, those dictators will antagonize foreign state as evil enemy, then they are going to justify why their policy is the best, and they will provide solution for the current problem (Khany and Hamzelou, 2014: 919).

The finding provides guidance to this study by showing the means of political speech. It supports the analysis of this study because the political speech of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s speech can be classified as ‘justifying current

policy’ purpose. Khamenei antagonizes US as its eternal enemy. However, this

study will only focus in one speech from one politician rather than several speech from the dictators. The second is this study will not use SFG as its method to discover the rhetorical behavior of the politician, but this study focuses on analyzing the metaphorical expressions by using the semantic theory of anomaly and conceptual metaphor theory as the strategy. The third is that this study intends to find the ideology of the political speech done by a politician, meanwhile the journal only stop its analysis in classifying types of political speech by using SFG.

The last is conducted by Ali A. Al-Ridha and Ahmed K. Fahad (2009) with the title “Obama’s Speech in Cairo “New Beginning” : A Critical Discourse Analysis Study”. This study shows that Obama uses his linguistic skill to convey peace message to Cairo and its society. The critical Discourse Analysis is used to

discover Obama’s hidden intention that he wants to make global security by

presenting America as Cairo’s partner instead of patron. In one of the findings,

they believe Obama uses the word extremist in emphasizing the concern that he does not want the Cairo society to be an extremist and persuade them to uphold peace (Al-Ridha and Fahad, 2009: 17). This study supports the speaker’s initial

assumption that political speech can be a tool used by the politician to persuade

people to follow the politician’s agenda. However, this study will focus more in

metaphorical expressions rather than choice of word in general.

Through analyzing the speech of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei related to nuclear deal agreement in August 18th 2015, this study will prove that the metaphorical expressions found in the speech contain hidden ideologies. Thus, this study analyzes metaphorical expressions not as figurative language, but as part of discourse.

B. Review of Related Theories 1. Semantics

In linguistics, semantics is the study of meaning. According to Leech,

“The meaning can be best studied as a linguistic phenomenon in its own right.

This means we investigate ‘what it is to know’ a language semantically, e.g. to

know what is involved in recognizing relations of meaning between sentences, and in recognizing which sentences are meaningful and which are not,” (1974: 8). The meaningful sentences are identified through the meaning of words used in the sentence.

Lexical semantics is the study of word meaning. Cruse explains, “The word functions as central role to play in the coding of meaning, and are responsible for much of the richness and subtelty of messages conveyed

linguistically,” (2000: 83). However, he adds, “A word, on its own, does not actually say anything, does not convey a whole thought” (2000: 90). Nida (1975:

15-20) proposes that the meaning of word can be identified by analyzing its relational value with other words. There are 4 types of relations between words with related meaning: Inclusion, overlapping, complementation, contiguity.

Inclusion means the meaning of word may be said to be included within the meaning of another. For example all poodles are dogs, and, all dogs are animals. Thus, the meaning of poodle can be said to be included in the meaning of dog, and the meaning of dog is included in the meaning of animal. In overlapping, the relations between words are almost never substitutiable one for the other in any and all context. It means that the meaning between the words are not identical, but they overlap and they can be substituted with one another in particular context without significant change. For example the word bestow and give. Bestow means to give something. It expresses greater formality than give.

In complementation, the related words share some same features but show certain marked contrast and often opposite meanings and features. For example in the words beautiful and ugly. The word beautiful has the semantic feature appeasing to the sight meanwhile the word ugly has the semantic feature offensive to the sight. In contiguity, the meanings are closely related but it has at least one distinctive feature. for example the words walk and run share the same semantic features movement by animate being and use limbs. However, the number of limbs, the order of movement, and the relation of limbs are different. Thus, from this explanation it can be concluded that between words with closely related meanings, there must be at the minimum one semantic feature that is distinctive.

2. Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT)

It is proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. The theory proposes that metaphor is beyond a device of poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish. Metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action (1980: 3). It means what people perceive, how people think, what people experience is metaphor. Lakoff and Johnson elaborate this idea to be what does it mean for a concept to be metaphorical and for such a concept to structure an everyday activity. The example is by using the concept ARGUMENT and the conceptual metaphor WAR. For example your claims are indefensible and he attacks every weak point in my argument. people do not only talk about arguments in terms of war. People can win or lose an argument. People treat the person who oppose their idea as opponent.

From the 2 metaphorical expressions, many things we do in argument are partially structured by the concept of war eventhough there is no physical battle. Thus, it can be concluded that metaphor is understanding one thing in terms of another thing. The concept is called as SOURCE DOMAIN and the conceptual metaphor is TARGET DOMAIN. Kovecses (2010: 7) emphasizes that to understand SOURCE DOMAIN in terms of TARGET DOMAIN means there are set of correspondences (the constituent conceptual element) that correspond to each other. It is generally called as mapping. For example in the sentence ‘we are not going anywhere’. The expression go anywhere indicates travelling to a destination, and based on the context it means a jurney that has no clear destination. In an appropriate context, the sentence talks about love that has no

clear future. The set of correspondences are we (the traveler) to lover, journey to event in a relationship, physical destination in a journey to the goal of the love relationship. Then, the final result from the SOURCE DOMAIN and the TARGET DOMAIN is called as metaphorical expression. For example ARGUMENT is WAR, LOVE is JOURNEY, and IDEA is FOOD.

According to Kovecses (2010: 18 - 21), some common SOURCE DOMAIN are human body, health and illness, animals, plants, building and construction, machines and tools, games and sports, money and economic transactions, cooking and food. Meanwhile, some common TARGET DOMAIN are society or nations, politics, economy, human relationships, communication, time, life and death, religion.

3. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) views language as social practice that can be analyzed from interpreting and explaining a text (Weiss and Wodak, 2003: 12). They add that CDA is particularly interested in discussing the relation between language and power (2003: 12). In analyzing the relation between power and language, it believes that there is unequal power between those who have the capitals and those who are minority and less capital.

Weiss and Wodak (2003: 14) explains that ideology is the way to maintain the order and power. In elaborating the notion of power, it is signalled not only by grammatical forms within a text, but also by the control of the person of a social occasion by means of the genre of the text. It is often exactly within the genres associated with given social occasions that power is exercised or

challenged (2003: 15). That means if the speaker is a highly respectable figure, the more attention will be given.

Fairclough (1995: 23) explains 3 dimensional framework for understanding discourse. It is an integated analysis of text, processes of text production, consumption, and distribution, sociocultural anaysis of the discursive events (Fairclough, 1995 : 23). In addition, Critical means it takes pejorative view of ideology as a means through which social relations of power are reproduced (Fairclough, 1995 : 17).

CDA concerns on the implicit proposition which is intentionally reduced from the text. Thus, CDA believes that in order to understand the meaning of a text, we have to go beyond it, finding the implicit ideology within it. Therefore, it is important to consider imbalance power and social inequality in understanding the discourse.

Weiss and Wodak explains,”CDA research is often interested in the study of ideologically biased discourses, and the way they polarize the representation of us (ingroups) and them (outgroups). Both at the level of global and local meaning

analysis,”(2003: 103). The ingroups are the stakeholder that hold power. They shape bias judgement toward the outgroups so the listener (the society) believe that the ingroups are on the opposite direction with the outgroups and the society. In order to achieve that goal, the ingroups do “Positive Self Presentation” when

they degrade and create bad image to the outgroups or “Negative Other Presentation”. In this case, the good image of the outgroups is deemphasized. (Weiss and Wodak, 2003: 103)

However, Weiss and Wodak explain that CDA “has never been and has never attempted to be or to provide one single or specific theory, and one specific

methodology is not characteristics of research in CDA,” (2003: 12). It means CDA can employ any kinds of methodology as long as it fits with the interest of CDA. The interest of CDA is exposing the imbalance power and social inequality. 4. Ideology

In Fairclough (1995: 76) Gramsci proposes that ideology is a conception of the world that is implicitly manifest in art, law, economic activity and in the manifestations of individual and collective life. It means ideology is a belief, stance, or perspective that is believed as true by the society. Ideology is manifested. It means ideology is implicitly and aggresively indoctrinized to the society so that the society believe it as a common sense that should be embraced and practiced. As the consequence, ideology becomes the guidance of the society to react or to make decision upon particular issues. Gramsci emphasizes,

“Ideologies become naturalized,” (Fairclough, 1995: 76).

In discovering the ideology, the process starts from “Intuitions that are

not related to speaker’s involvement,” (Verschueren, 2011: 21). It means the

researcher should have the hypothesis related to the research about ideology. To avoid the possibility that the analysis might be bias, the intuitions have to be shaped into researchable questions.

C. Theoretical Framework

Three theories are employed in this study in order to answer the problem formulation. The first is the theory of semantics which include the explanation about lexical semantics, the second is the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), and the third is the theory of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).

The theory of semantics and lexical semantics are applied to validate the meaning of words and sentences. As explained above, Semantics is the study of meanings and lexical semantics is one of the branch of semantics focuses on the meaning of word and the relation between the words. Thus, by knowing the related meanings of words, lexical semantics can validate the meaning of a word in particular context.

The Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) is applied to validate the SOURCE DOMAIN and TARGET DOMAIN. The SOURCE DOMAIN is an abstract concept that is understood through the portrayal in the TARGET DOMAIN which has physical form and can be imagined by the society. Furthermore, the CMT validates the understanding process from the SOURCE DOMAIN to the TARGET DOMAIN as mappings or set of correspondences.

The theory of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is applied to reveal the ideologies in the speech. Through this theory, the relation between metaphorical expressions and CDA is obviously related to discover the ideologies. CDA will assist the study in examining the way Ayatollah Ali Khamenei exercise his power and ideology to Iran citizen.

21 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the study

The study focuses on Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s August 18th ₂₀₁₅

translated speech related to nuclear deal agreement. Originally, Khamenei uses Persian language (the official language of Iran) in delivering his speech. However, for the convenient and distributional purposes, the speech is translated into 14 languages: English, Indonesia, Turkish, Urdu, Arabic, Nojavan, Farsi, Japanese, Hausa, French, Russian, German, Swahili, and Spanish. The speech is translated and published in Khamenei’s official website http://khamenei.ir/.

The website is operated by the Center for Preserving and Publishing the Works of Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei. It focuses on publishing historical documents, speeches, and an archive of photographs. The content of the

website is supervised directly under Khamenei’s supervision so that the translated

speeches has been approved by Khamenei.

Thus, the speech is translated as equivalence as possible to his original persian speech so that the reader can engage indirectly to his speeches. The translated speech has several linguistic features. One of them is metaphorical expressions. The metaphorical expressions are commonly found in the form of noun, be it words or phrases.

B. Approach of the study

There are three approaches applied for the study. The first is lexical semantics approach, the second is Conceptual Metaphor approach, and the third is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach. The study applies lexical semantic approach by treating every words in the text as potential data because lexical semantics deals with meaning of words. The meaning of word will be obtained by related meanings between words and the related words have to fulfill the criteria of contiguity. As explained above, contiguity is when the meaning between words is distinctly set off from other related meanings by at least one important feauture.

In proving that Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s speech contains hidden

ideology benefitted the political agenda of Iranian Government and Khamenei, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is applied. As explained above, there is no standardized method and ways in using CDA. All methodology are acceptable as long as it proves there is imbalance and inequal power. In this study, it is applied by investigating the result of componential analysis of the metaphorical expressions and how it contributes to discover particular ideology. thus, CDA becomes an essential approach to prove that metaphorical expressions are ideological.

B. Method of the Study

In conducting this study, two steps are used. The first is collecting the data and the second is analyzing the data.

1. Data Collection

The data was collected by using purposive sampling. Purposive sampling is a method that justifies and uses the researcher’s subjective judgement in the process choosing the data needed for the study. In the application, several steps were taken to choose the data. The first was reading the translated speech repeated times. In order to obtain the data, the reading was focused on identifying the sentences and clauses that were related to Khamenei’s opinion and expression of the nuclear deal agreement.

After finding the sentences and clauses related to it, the potential words and phrases that may contain metaphorical expressions were highlighted to see whether the meaning was literal or figurative by using the theory of componential analysis of meaning. The data that contain metaphorical expressions werenused in this study. The data that do not contain metaphorical expression were discarded since they were not contributive.

2. Data Analysis

In scrutinizing the obtained data, componential analysis of meaning was used in all words that were possible to be metaphorical expression, and, words that were related to it. The possible metaphorical expression was matched with word that had the same semantic domain and had closely related meanings. However, there had to be distinctive features in the semantic component between the related words as what the theory of contiguity required. The word that was compared was also matched with the context of nuclear deal agreement experienced by the Iranian society.

This study used Merriam Webster Dictionary, the thesaurus in English Oxford Living dictionary, and Cambridge dictionary to find the component semantic of words. The distinctive features in the semantic component that exist in the metaphorical expression but missing in its related words became hint upon what Khamenei wanted to emphasize to his society.

Then, the disctinctive features were used to determine the SOURCE DOMAIN and the TARGET DOMAIN of that metaphorical expression by using the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). This process was conducted by finding out set of correspondences (mappings) between the SOURCE DOMAIN and the TARGET DOMAIN that fit with the metaphorical expression. The SOURCE DOMAIN and the TARGET DOMAIN were called metaphorical concept.

After analyzing the metaphorical expressions and its metaphorical concept, CDA was applied to assess how the metaphorical expressions constructed the ideologies imposed by Khamenei to Iranian society. CDA believed in the use of particular language expression are under the strategy and interest of particular actor under particular context. In this case, the use of metaphorical expression was within the interest of Khamenei in talking about nuclear agreement issue to his society. Thus, by using the three dimensional framework proposed by Fairclough (an integated analysis of text, processes of text production, consumption, and distribution, sociocultural anaysis of the discursive events) and relating it with the metaphorical expression plus the SOURCE DOMAIN, the hidden ideologies of Khamenei were revealed.

25 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter is divided into two parts of analysis to answer the problems formulations. The first part is identifying the metaphorical expressions found in

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s speech on July 18th _{2015 by using Conceptual}

Metaphor Theory (CMT) as its main theory. There are 15 metaphorical expressions found within the speech. The theory of relational value of meaning is used to assist in justifying why particular metaphorical expression is chosen and the meaning it conveys in relation with the text. The second part of analysis is

revealing the hidden ideology within Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s speech using

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) theory. No Word Part of Speech

1 Long Adjective

2 Made Verb

3 Take Verb

4 Paying Verb 5 Rewarded Verb 6 Filled Verb 7 Deliver Verb

8 Way Noun

9 Placed Verb 10 Arrogant Adjective 11 Reach Verb 12 Expand Verb 13 Force Verb 14 Dragged Verb 15 Surrender Verb Table 1. Data findings

A. Metaphorical Expressions in Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s Speech

1. “The first point is a word of thanks to officials in charge of these long and arduous negotiations”

The word long has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+distance], [+full parts], and [+longer time] in comparison with its closely related words extensive. The semantic domain of the word long and extensive are large area. The distinctive features of the word long that are [+distance], [+full parts], and [+longer time] simplifies the complexity of negotiation process. When Khamenei talks about negotiation process, it is not strategic and effective if he describes the detailed process of the negotiation because the majority of Iranian society do not have complex political understanding so it makes society not understand about the issue. In order to make society grasp Khamenei’s intended message, long is purposely chosen to assist the society’s judgement that the negotiation process is not an easy process. The negotiation process also takes lots of time and energy so the Iranian society should respect the Iranian officials because he believes that they spend their energy and time to bring as much benefit as possible to Iran people through the negotiation and also to defend the development of nuclear industry in Iran.

In understanding the concept of negotiation, the journey metaphor is used to highlight the objective, content, direction, and the progress of the negotiation. The objective of the negotiation is reaching an agreement that benefit those who involve in the negotiation table, in other word is a win win solution agreement, as

well as the benefit for greater good such as : marginalized society, future generations, etc.

The content of the negotiation is related to repeated interactions among the participants, discussing the possibility of common grounds that will enhance the trust between the participants, settling the concerns (if there is any) to make the participants more committed in producing succesful negotiations, and developing the collective understanding towards the possibility of future problems so that the participants involved will find a way to approach the problem with no party loses.

The direction of the negotiation is covering whether the negotiation is a roundabout or a straightforward negotiation. If a negotiation is a straightforward one, it means it is an effective and efficient negotiation. However, a roundabout negotiation means it is a prolonged discussion and inefficient because it wastes lots of valuable resources such as time, energy, and money.

The progress of the negotiation is talking about the obstacles and / or the smoothness during the negotiation process. It means the commitment of participants to have repeated interractions, the fear of having myopia negotiations (the cognitive, emotional, and, strategic mistakes that make the negotiation fail to reach an agreement), the respect toward the privacy and the autonomy of the negotiators, and the effort to show responsibility if there is any bad implications by having penalty default regulations contribute to the progress of the negotiations.

The word longis relevant to “path” schema in journey metaphor because

it talks about the distance’s length of the path as well as the great amount of time

to finish the path. In a journey, there are 2 types of path or route that has to be taken by the travellers : long and short route. Thus, it also means the further the travellers go on the path, the energy and the time spent are bigger. In this case, the negotiation is the path in the journey.

It preconceives the knowledge about the reason why the travellers choose the long path instead of a short one is because the longer the path is, the destination is also better. In comparison, the word extensive lacks the semantic properties of distance and time eventhough they have same important semantic properties such as complete (from end to an end) and large area. Therefore, the

word ‘extensive’ does not fulfillthe criteria of “path” schema.

So, the word long entails the message that Ayatollah believes the long negotiation will create long term benefit instead of short term gain because the negotiatiors conduct a thorough discussion through repeated interractions and he believes that the Iranian officials have prepared solutions to approach future problems or bad implications from the result of the negotiation.

Table 2. Semantic properties of long and extensive

Long Extensive

+ Large area +

+ A great distance -

+ Cover full parts -

+ Complete +

+ Further than expected -

2. “The honorable president and particularly the negotiation team who really made great effort”

The word made has a distinctive feature that is [+produce physical object], [+cause something to exist], and [+with plan] in comparison with its closely related words do. These related words are under the same semantic domain carry out. The distinctive features that are [+produce physical object], [+cause something to exist], and [+with plan] simplifies the process of establishing an agreement in the negotiation. The use of great effort in the sentence is to show the method to establish the agreement. Khamenei wants to convince Iranian society that the Iranian officials who join the nuclear deal agreement do great effort to make the agreement beneficial to Iran. The agreement is a very detailed and long document that is ineffective for Khamenei to announce every single of it. It means the concept of agreement has to be simplified as something that society can imagine and understand. The word made can simplify the concept of agreement.

Conceptually, effort is conceived as an action, both in physical and mental that is invested or conducted to get or to produce something. A good effort means people do hardwork, perseverance and focus in getting what they want. It also means there is consistency of struggle and commitment in solving the obstacles or problems that is faced. Thus, effort is often metaphorically described as a tool and an obligatory equipment to make people’s achievement possible. If there is no effort, it will be hard or even impossible because there is no tools used.

Hence, effort is a tool to produce a product. In this case, the product is the nuclear deal agreement between Iran and P5+1 countries published on July 14 2015. Thus, the metaphorical concept that can be understood is AGREEMENT IS A PRODUCT. In product metaphor, it emphasizes the materials, tools or equipments, process, and content to describe the abstract concept of agreement. Agreement itself is the meeting of interest between the parties involved that is realized on a new binding treaty or convention.

The materials of agreement are ideas, interests, and concerns of the actors who contribute in making the agreement. In materials, the necessary informations or facts of opposing parties are also required to increase the bargaining position of the parties whose interest want to be taken into account. The tools or equipments of the agreement are trusted negotiators who represent many voices of people, wise strategy to obtain favorable results, commitment to treat other parties as friends rather than adversaries, and struggle win their own interest.

The process of agreement are conducted in form of negotiation. Thus, there is repeated meetings between participants, discussion and debates are also performed to generate ideas, offer, and concern, find possible solution and common ground of the agreement, and invent options for mutual gain that satisfy all participants involved. The process of agreement also covers the obstacles faced during the negotation such as the emotional ego and arrogant behavior from some actors.

The product of agreement is a joint decision manifested on a binding contract or strong commitment on a convention. I covers the interest, right,

responsiblity, rules, as well as the legal consequences if one party break the rules. The product can be produced if the negotiation process run succesfully. Thus, the tools of the agreement is an important factor to produce the product.

Thus, the word made is relevant to the tools schema in product metaphor since it contains the semantic properties of produce physical object and cause something to exist. In comparison, the word do does not contain semantic properties of produce physical object though it shares similar semantic properties such as carry out, and bring something into completion. It means there is no image schemata projected through the word do. In conclusion, the word do is not relevant to the tools schema.

The word made preconceives the knowledge that effort is not only a strong commitment or intention, but effort is an action that can be witnessed by others. It also preconceives the knowledge the bigger an effort is made, the possiblity of getting better result is also better. Making the effort is the first step which not everyone has the willingness to do because it requires planned action and focus on specific things. Meanwhile, doing an effort does not require planned action so the product may not be well qualified because focus is diversed and general. In other words, it is easier to do an effort than make it.

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei praise the hardwork of Iranian officials who

create the agreement by metaphorically saying they ‘made great effort’. It entails

the notion that Khamenei trusts the Iranian officials to consider carefully through thorough plan about the fate of the development of nuclear industry in Iran. It shows that Khamenei appreciates the commitment of Iranian officials who

succesfully convince the opposing parties (P5+1 countries) that Iran is not developing nuclear weapon that destruct the world peace. Instead, it is developing nuclear industry to make better welfare for is society.thus, the success of nuclear deal agreement occur because the current officials make an effort. Factually, his predecessors, for example Mahmud Ahmadinejad, fails to make the effort thus it makes Iranian society suffer from economic sanction.

Table 3. Semantic properties of make and do

3. “We expect that these officials take the interest –interests of the country, interests of the people- into consideration”

The word take has distinctive features in the semantic component that are [+follow something as right] and [+accommodate] in comparison with its closely related words carry. The semantic domain of the word take and carry are getting

into one’s possession. The distinctive features of the word take that are [+follow something as right] and [+accommodate] simplifies the complexity of consideration. In order to convince the society that the nuclear deal agreement benefits them, Khamenei should portray that the Iranian officials prioritize Iranian

society’s necessity as neccessary to be accommodated and that is the right thing to do so. The implementation from this motivation is in the form of planned and

Make do

+ Carry out +

+ Produce physical object -

+ Cause something to exist -

- Perform something unspecified +

+ Bring into completion +

structurized policy proposed during the negotiation. the word take can simplify the consideration process as something imaginable to the society.

In understanding the abstract concept of consideration, container metaphor can be used to treat consideration as a bounded physical space, or in other words, container, so people can put something into it or get something out of it. Container as the source domain is used to highlight the content or substance of target domain consideration.

Consideration is related to human’s mind activity to think deliberately or

carefully before deciding upon something. It means people who do consideration gather as much information as possible from various resources such as books,

newspapers, people’s opinions, experience, etc. After that, the informations

gathered are carefully reviewed and weighed on its plus and minus points, then the informations will be selected and extracted to be saved in the human’s mind, so that when it is the time to make the decision, human use what has been stored in the mind as a guidance and reference. They also use it as stored information to take actions and make judgments when it is necessary. In conclusion, the information help human function their life.

The word take is relevant toward substance schema in container metaphor because it is related to the action to select the substance to be put into consideration container. It has the semantic properties follow something as right and accomodate. On the other hand, the word carry is not equipped with those semantic properties eventhough it shares same semantic properties such as accept the burden and get into one’s possession. Although both of them treat their object

as substance, but the word take specifically imply consistency and long term accomodation toward the objdect that they posses. Instead, the word carry does not imply long term accomodation.

It preconceives the knowledge that there is a process preceeding the decision of oneself to take something. The process itself is a thorough research and willingness to gather as much information as possible in order to prevent regret and dissappointment in the future. In this case, various interest are treated as information or content in which people have to select the best of it. In the source domain, interest is the substance.

Khamenei metaphorically say the Iranian officials take the interest of Iranian people specifically to ensure his listener, in this case the Iranian people, that the establishment of nuclear deal agreement is within the control of Iranian

officials because they prioritize the society’s interest rather than the adversaries’

interest. it implies the notion that the interest of society to get better life and welfare through this agreement is prioritized than other interest such as creating better diplomatic relationship with foreign countries and showing more active participation toward global security.

Factually, the agreement of nuclear deal get many confrontation from Iranian society because they are afraid that Western countries will tresspass their sovereignity though they believe the agreement will heal their economic condition that is bad because of the economic sanction. Thus, Khamenei calms the society that this agreement will bring only benefit to Iran because in the negotiation

process, the Iranian officials only consider the interest of Iranian society rather than other interest.

Table 4. Semantic properties of take and carry 4. ...”into consideration by paying careful attention...”

The word pay has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+engage for money], [+action to return something as service or goods], [+make compensation], and [+responsible]. in comparison with its closely related words give. The semantic domain of the word pay and give are pass something over. The distinctive features of the word pay that are [+engage for money], [+action to return something as service or goods], [+make compensation], and [+responsible] simplifies the complexity of an abstract concept called attention. The issue of nuclear deal agreement is a controversial issue both in Iran country and international society because in the previous attempt to achieve sustainable agreement, Iran violates it. Thus both parties need to convince each other that the agreement is going to work this time. One of the determinative way to see the future of the agreement is through the attention that Iranian officials put to run the negotiation process and establish the agreement. However, Khamenei needs to portray to the society that the attention is not a mere formal attention, but real

Take Carry

+ Get into one’s possession +

+ Accept the burden +

+ Follow something as right -

+ Accomodate -

action by being responsible, compensate if neccessary, and it is as valuable as money.

Conceptually, attention is understood as a process that, at a given moment, enhances some information and inhibits other information. It means, people selectively choose upon things they want to focus on by intentionally ignoring other irrelevant things. In this case, people often metaphorically describe attention as a valuable commodity that requires certain amount of price to be paid for getting that commodity. Thus, the source target valuable commodity is used to explain the target domain attention by highlighting the limited resources in the attention that make it valuable.

The limited resource in the concept of attention is its components; orienting to sensory events, detecting signals for focused processing, and maintaining a vigilant or alert state. Attention is conducted when there is signals that arouse human to direct their senses (sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch)

toward one object consciously. It is under the human’s control and they do it with

sufficient amount of effort.

Though human has the capability to select and choose what they want to focus on, this action creates inevitable conseuquences that human may fail to notice other important things. For example, in a party where we want to find our friend who wear red dress, we will only focus our attention to people who wear red colors. We will not notice the fact that our old friend also attend the party, or we will neglect the fact that there is glass shattered on the floor near us when we

find our red dress friend. The failure to notice is what makes attention a limited resource.

The word pay is relevant action verb to the limited resource schema in valuable commodity metaphor because it contains the semantic properties of [+engage for money], [+compensate the goods or services], and [responsible]. On the other hand, the word give shows no exclusivity of semantic properties that there is money involved and fair compensation in return of goods and services though it shares same semantic properties of receiver and pass over something. in conclusion, the verb action give does not provide image schemata about valuable commodity. Therefore, there is no sense of struggle and responsibility exist in the word give.

Thus, the target domain attention can be understood through the source domain valuable commodity because human understand attention as an intentional action to select things that attract their senses by purchasing some effort and struggle to focus on that. It is also within their consent to neglect other things. Thus, by treating attention as a valuable commodity, human acts carefully and responsibly toward it.

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei treats the issue of nuclear development as valuable issue because by focusing on it, Iran can generates billions of dollars in just a very short time. For example, it can save more money because the cost of having nuclear as its source of electricity is cheaper than having coal, oil, and gas. Another example is its existence. It is predicted that the earth has sufficient amount of uranium (substance to produce nuclear) that can last for 70 – 80 years.

However, Iran’s interest is being hampered with the confrontation from global worlds saying that Iran is developing nuclear weapon instead of nuclear industry.

Thus, Ayatollah intends to make the Iranian officials aware that they have to focus their attention to clarify those missunderstanding. Not only focus,

Khamenei emphasizes their focus by saying ‘paying’, to show that Iranian

officials invest their focus, energy, and time to achieve the nuclear deal agreement and act responsibly for it.

Table 5. Semantic properties of pay and give 5. “They will certainly be divinely rewarded”

The word reward has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+show appreciation] and [+Give fair return for good and bad behaviour] in comparison with its closely related words award. The semantic domain of the word reward and award are give something that mostly in money. The distinctive features of the word reward that are [+show appreciation] and [+Give fair return for good and bad behaviour] simplifies the complexity of God as an abstract concept. As a highly religious country, Khamenei as supreme leader has power to give order, punishment, or change the law. It happens because Khamenei is the highest and the most respectable religious figure in Iran. Furthermore, the power

Pay Give

+ Pass over +

+ Cause one to receive +

+ Engage for money ±

+ Action to return for service or goods -

+ Make compensation -

of Khamenei is higher than the elected president of Iran. Using his power,

Khamenei can give judgement to someone’s life. In this case, Khamenei convince the society that if the Iranian officials do something wrong and irresponsible, God is the one who punish them fairly. However, if using award, the imagination upon fair punishment is not there because the word award lacks that semantic property.

The abstract concept that wants to be explained by the verb rewarded is

God. Iranian people calls their god “Allāh”. Generally, God is understood as a

spirit or being that has great power, strength, and knowledge. God is believed as the creator of the earth including all living and non living things thus he is worshipped in some religions. In this case, the source domain judge is used to highlight the role and the power of a judge.

Judge is specifically used in the field of law as a person in charge of trial in a court who gives final verdict on whether a person is guilty or not and decide the punishment to the guilty ones. The judge has several roles such as; interpret the law, assess the evidence presented, and conduct a fair and impartial hearing in the court. Thus, a judge will review thoroughly and carefully the trials that he lead

because he is the one who gives the detrimental decision toward a person’s life. If

a person is verdicted as guilty, it means he or she will be physically isolated in jail. In some case, they have to pay the big amount of fine as form of monetary punishment. It means the judge is responsible in upholding the human right.

The power of a judge is called the judge’s authority. Because of judge’s

roles, the judge has the authority to render justice impartially and independently. It means the judge does not have to consult his or her verdict to other parties

through the statement “Their domestic problem forces them into blustering”. It makes Khamenei dislikes America even more because America does not focus in solving the domestic problems. Instead, it heavily invest the intention and budget on the foreign policy. The fact that America uses 30 % of its federal budget for foreign policy and the fact that there are still many poverty and unemployments in America strengthen Khamenei’s claim.

Since Khamenei is the ingroup, he deemphasizes good things the outgroup (International society) by portraying them as bad human who has arrogant and aggressive personality. He wants to shape Iranian society’s mind for not accepting International society; its culture and belief, because International society has totally the opposite values with Iran. For example Iran upholds conservative mindset. However, International society upholds liberal value. By trying to shape that mindset to the society, the hidden intention of Khamenei is to preserve the original culture and belief of Iran so that their value is not going to cease.

76 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

After conducting the analysis of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s translated speech in July 18th 2015, the researcher is able to draw conclusion that the speech uses Conceptual metaphor as means to promote his ideology. The conclusion is created in accordance with the research problems. The first problem is to find the metaphorical expressions used in the speech. The second is to reveal the ideologies from the speech.

In order to conduct a systematic analysis that can help the study to answer the problem formulations effectively, the study employs Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and it is assisted with relational value of meaning in the theory of lexical semantics to justify why particular words are considered as metaphorical expressions. The theory uses set of correspondences between source domain and target domain as justification of metaphorical expressions. If the analysis of related meaning between words prove that the word have some distinctive features and it creates mental image, it is metaphorical expression. The source and domain target functions to strengthen the analysis about metaphorical expressions.

Based on the analysis on chapter IV, the study finds that Ayatollah Ali Khamenei uses 15 metaphorical expressions from various source domain to explain the absract concept related to nuclear deal agreement. Those source domain are journey metaphor, product metaphor, building metaphor, judge

metaphor, war metaphor, barrier metaphor, human metaphor, container metaphor, and valuable commodity metaphor. Each source domain has specific link to the intended target domain to create a mental image in the listener’s mind.

The use of metaphorical expressions in Khamenei’s speech is crucial in asserting the current Iran’s stance toward the nuclear deal agreement. Thus, the semantic properties contained in each metaphorical expressions play a crucial part in revealing the ideologies that Khamenei implicitly convey. From the study, two ideologies are found; national confidence and anti-americans.

The theory of CDA by Fairclough is employed in guiding this study to reveal the ideology. CDA emphasizes that the text can only be understood with reference to their context. This study has done that by examining the situation related to nuclear deal agreement particularly within Iran society. The purpose of CDA is revealing the imbalance power. This study analyzes that te actor who hold the power is Ayatollah Ali Khamenei who rules over Iran and has the authority to inject particular ideologies to his society. Meanwhile, United States of America does not have the equal power to defend and clarify themselves in that particular time because the speech from Khamenei is a one way communication speech.

The first hidden ideology that is national strength is discovered whenever Khamenei explain nuclear deal agreement to his society. Khamenei emphasizes that the agreement is a process of thorough and deliberate negotiation and the agreement brings benefit to Iran society. The second ideology is

anti-78

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APPENDIX

Appendix 1: Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s Translated Nuclear Deal Agreement Transcript

1. The first point is a word of thanks to officials in charge of these long and arduous negotiations.

2. The honorable president and particularly the negotiation team who really made great effort.

3. We expect that these officials take the interest –interests of the country, interests of the people- into consideration by paying careful attention.

4. They will certainly be divinely rewarded.

5. Particularly in this environment filled with the enemies’ threats. 6. When they deliver the matter to the people.

7. No one will be allowed to take advantage of this document in any way.

8. The defense capabilities will be protected although we know that the enemies have placed great emphasis on these areas.

9. Our policy toward the arrogant America will not change.

10. How can one do business, negotiate, and reach an agreement with such a policy?

11. There are other cases as well and I will expand them in other speeches. 12. Their domestic problem force them into blustering.

13. They claim they have dragged Iran into the negotiating table. 14. That they have made Iran surrender.