Angelina Jolie`s speech style in Mr. and Mrs. Smith Movie.
ABSTRACT
Pereira, Sonia Alexandra. 2015. Angelina Jolie’s Speech Style in Mr. and Mrs. Smith Movie. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This research analysed Angelina Jolie’s speech style in the movie entitled Mr. and Mrs. Smith. This movie was chosen because of two reasons. First, this movie provides some aspects and issues regarding gender and language. Second, Jane Smith, the main character, starred by Angelina Jolie has unique speech style that is worth researching in relation to language study. Mr. and Mrs. Smith movie provides the examples of women’s and men’s speech styles that are uttered by Angelina Jolie.
This research was addressed to answer to two research problems, namely (1) which features of women’s and men’s speech are found in Angelina Jolie’s utterances in Mr. and Mrs. Smith movie and (2) what factors affect Angelina
Jolie’s speech style in the movie. The objectives are to find out the features of
men’s and women’s speech in Angelina Jolie’s utterances and to identify the factors that affect Angelina’s speech style. The theoretical bases to answer the firs t problem was that of Wood’s (1993) about men’s and women’s speech and the second problem was that of Spolsky’s (1998) Schmidt’s (2002) about the causes of differences.
This research is in nature qualitative and categorized as the document analysis, the data source of which was movie’s transcript. Four instruments were used in this research, namely, cross tabulation, hardware that was consisted of laptop and speaker, and the windows media player as the software, to analyse the first research problem and checklist to answer the second question.
The results showed that Angelina demonstrated four out of the six features of women’s speech in her utterances, namely attention to the relationship level, conversational maintenance work, responsiveness, and tentativeness. The results also showed that Angelina demonstrated all features of men’s speech in her utterances, namely status and control, instrumentality, conversational dominance,
assertive, more abstract, and not highly responsive. The factors that affected
Angelina’s speech style in the movie were power relation and social situations. In
conclusion, Angelina Jolie’s speech style was considered as men’s speech because total expressions of men’s speech in her utterances were more dominant than the expressions of women’s speech. From the total 67chosen utterances, the most
expressions shown were men’s speech features with the total 53 utterances.
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ABSTRAK
Pereira, Sonia Alexandra. 2015. Angelina Jolie’s Speech Style in Mr. and Mrs. Smith Movie. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Penelitian ini menganalisa gaya berbicara Angelina Jolie dalam film berjudul Mr. and Mrs. Smith. Film ini dipilih karena dua alasan. Pertama, film ini menyediakan beberapa aspek dan isu yang berhubungan dengan gender dan bahasa. Kedua, pemeran utama, Jane Smith yang dibintangi oleh Angelina Jolie
memiliki cara berbicara yang unik yang membuat peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian ini. Film Mr. and Mrs. Smith menyediakan beberapa contoh
ciri khas women’s dan men’s speech yang diucapkan oleh Angelina Jolie.
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan, yakni (1) apa saja ciri khas dari women’s speech dan men’s speech yang ditemukan dalam pengucapan Angelina Jolie dalam film Mr. and Mrs. Smith dan (2) apa saja faktor yang mempengaruhi gaya berbicara Angelina Jolie dalam film tersebut Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan ciri khas dari women’s dan
men’s speech dalam pengucapan Angelina Jolie dan untuk mendidentifikasi faktor yang mempengaruhi pengucapan Angelina Jolie. Dasar teori untuk menemukan jawaban masalah pertama adalah teori Wood (1993) tentang Men’s dan Women’s Speech dan untuk menemukan jawaban masalah kedua peneliti menggunakan teori dari Spolsky (1998) dan Schmidt (2002) tentang The Causes of Differences.
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dan dikategorikan sebagai analisis dokumen, dengan naskah film Mr. and Mrs. Smith sebagai sumber penelitian. Terdapat empat instrumen penting dalam penelitian ini, yakni cross tabulation, hardware yang terdiri dari laptop dan speaker dan Windows Media Player sebagai software untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama dan ceklist untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditemukan bahwa Angelina Jolie menunjukan empat dari enam ciri khas women’s speech dalam pengucapannya, yakni, attention to the relationship level, conversational maintenance work, responsiveness dan tentativeness. Peneliti juga menemukan Angelina menunjukan seluruh ciri khas men’s speech dalam pengucapannya yakni status and control, instrumentality, conversational dominance, assertive, abstract dan not highly responsive. Faktor yang mempengaruhi gaya berbicara Angelina dalam film Mr. and Mrs. Smith adalah kekuatan relasi dan situasi sosial. Pada kesimpulannya, gaya berbicara Angelina termaksud dalam men’s speech karena total ekspresi dari men’s speech dalam ucapan Angelina lebih dominan dibandingkan ekspresi
women’s speech.
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ANGELINA JOLIE’S SPEECH STYLE
IN
MR. AND MRS. SMITH
MOVIE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Sonia Alexandra Pereira Students Number: 111214121
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS AND TRAINING EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
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ANGELINA JOI m's sPEECⅡ SIIYLE
IN塑性 力慨》』凰ほ 幽
MOVIE
By
Son ia Alexandra Pere ira StudentNumber: I tr 1214121
AdvlsoF
Approvcd by
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STATEMENT OF WORK'S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declarc that this thesis,which l havc、
∼″五tten,does not contain thc work or parts ofthe work of othcr people,except thosc citcd in thc quotations and the
rcfcrcnccs,as a scientiflc papcr should.
Yogyakarta, 8 July 2015
Sonia Alcxandra Pereira
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LEⅣ
IBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILIⅣIIAⅡ
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEDIIIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
:Soniaノ ヘlcxandra Pcrcira
:11 1214121
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
ANGELINA JOLIE'S SPEECⅡ
STYLE
IN燿
.ИNDttSoS錫
FttF Ⅳ10VIE
Bcscda peranょ激yang dipe」ukan ⑩ila ada).Dellgan dclnikiall,sりa membc五kan kcpada Perpustakaan Univcrsitas Sallata Dhma hak untuk menyimpall, mcngalihlcall dalam bcntuk mcdia lain,mengClolal■ ya dalallll bcntuk pallょalall data,mendistribusikan secara terbatas,dan melrnpublikasikallnya di intcmet ttau media lain untllk kepentingan akadcll■ is tanpa pcrlu melnil■ ta ttin dari saya
mauDun inemberikan royalty kepada saya selama tctap mencanttan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Dernikian pernyataan saya buat dengan sebenamya. Dibuat di Yogyakarla
Pada tanggal 8 Juli 2015
Yang menyatakan
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ABSTRACT
Pereira, Sonia Alexandra. 2015. Angelina Jolie’s Speech Style in Mr. and Mrs. Smith Movie. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This research analysed Angelina Jolie‟s speech style in the movie entitled Mr. and Mrs. Smith. This movie was chosen because of two reasons. First, this movie provides some aspects and issues regarding gender and language. Second, Jane Smith, the main character, starred by Angelina Jolie has unique speech style that is worth researching in relation to language study. Mr. and Mrs. Smith movie provides the examples of women‟s and men‟s speech styles that are uttered by Angelina Jolie.
This research was addressed to answer to two research problems, namely (1) which features of women‟s and men‟s speech are found in Angelina Jolie‟s utterances in Mr. and Mrs. Smith movie and (2) what factors affect Angelina
Jolie‟s speech style in the movie. The objectives are to find out the features of
men‟s and women‟s speech in Angelina Jolie‟s utterances and to identify the factors that affect Angelina‟s speech style. The theoretical bases to answer the firs t problem was that of Wood‟s (1993) about men‟s and women‟s speech and the second problem was that of Spolsky‟s (1998) Schmidt‟s (2002) about the causes of differences.
This research is in nature qualitative and categorized as the document analysis, the data source of which was movie‟s transcript. Four instruments were used in this research, namely, cross tabulation, hardware that was consisted of laptop and speaker, and the windows media player as the software, to analyse the first research problem and checklist to answer the second question.
The results showed that Angelina demonstrated four out of the six features of women‟s speech in her utterances, namely attention to the relationship level, conversational maintenance work, responsiveness, and tentativeness. The results also showed that Angelina demonstrated all features of men‟s speech in her utterances, namely status and control, instrumentality, conversational dominance,
assertive, more abstract, and not highly responsive. The factors that affected
Angelina‟s speech style in the movie were power relation and social situations. In
conclusion, Angelina Jolie‟s speech style was considered as men‟s speech because
total expressions of men‟s speech in her utterances were more dominant than the expressions of women‟s speech. From the total 67chosen utterances, the most expressions shown were men‟s speech features with the total 53 utterances.
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ABSTRAK
Pereira, Sonia Alexandra. 2015. Angelina Jolie’s Speech Style in Mr. and Mrs. Smith Movie. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Penelitian ini menganalisa gaya berbicara Angelina Jolie dalam film berjudul Mr. and Mrs. Smith. Film ini dipilih karena dua alasan. Pertama, film ini menyediakan beberapa aspek dan isu yang berhubungan dengan gender dan bahasa. Kedua, pemeran utama, Jane Smith yang dibintangi oleh Angelina Jolie
memiliki cara berbicara yang unik yang membuat peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian ini. Film Mr. and Mrs. Smith menyediakan beberapa contoh
ciri khas women‟sdan men‟s speechyang diucapkan oleh Angelina Jolie.
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan, yakni (1) apa saja ciri khas dari women‟s speech dan men‟s speech yang ditemukan dalam pengucapan Angelina Jolie dalam film Mr. and Mrs. Smith dan (2) apa saja faktor yang mempengaruhi gaya berbicara Angelina Jolie dalam film tersebut Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan ciri khas dari women‟s dan
men‟s speech dalam pengucapan Angelina Jolie dan untuk mendidentifikasi faktor yang mempengaruhi pengucapan Angelina Jolie. Dasar teori untuk menemukan jawaban masalah pertama adalah teori Wood (1993) tentang Men‟s dan Women‟s Speech dan untuk menemukan jawaban masalah kedua peneliti menggunakan teori dari Spolsky (1998) dan Schmidt (2002) tentang The Causes of Differences.
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dan dikategorikan sebagai analisis dokumen, dengan naskah film Mr. and Mrs. Smith sebagai sumber penelitian. Terdapat empat instrumen penting dalam penelitian ini, yakni cross tabulation, hardware yang terdiri dari laptop dan speaker dan Windows Media Player sebagai software untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama dan ceklist untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditemukan bahwa Angelina Jolie menunjukan empat dari enam ciri khas women‟s speech dalam pengucapannya, yakni, attention to the relationship level, conversational maintenance work, responsiveness dan tentativeness. Peneliti juga menemukan Angelina menunjukan seluruh ciri khas men‟s speech dalam pengucapannya yakni status and control, instrumentality, conversational dominance, assertive, abstract dan not highly responsive. Faktor yang mempengaruhi gaya berbicara Angelina dalam film Mr. and Mrs. Smith adalah kekuatan relasi dan situasi sosial. Pada kesimpulannya, gaya berbicara Angelina termaksud dalam men‟s speech karena total ekspresi dari men‟s speech dalam ucapan Angelina lebih dominan dibandingkan ekspresi
women‟s speech.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Almighty God for His blessing so that I can finish this thesis successfully. I present this thesis for all my beloved lecturers, family and friends, who help me through this difficult process.
Foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis advisor, Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D., who has become a great teacher and supporter as I struggle with obstacles in the process of finishing this thesis. I really appreciate his immerse knowledge, his advice, time and patience that become great help in completing this thesis. I would also like to give my gratitude to all PBI lecturers, who guide and help me during my study, especially my academic advisor, Yuseva Ariyani Iswandari, S.Pd., M.Ed., who always helps me and guides me for these past four years. I really appreciate her help and attention during the learning process.
I would like to thank my family, especially my father, Fransiscus Pareira, S. Sos., M. Man., and my mother, Teresa De Jesus, SE., who have helped me a lot by financing my study, giving me advice and encouragement to finish this thesis. I also thank my sisters and brothers, Margareth Stevany Pereira, S. Kes, Carla Ivonia Pereira, João Antonio Meritu Pereira, and Jose Ronaldo De Jesus Pereira, who always give me courage and accompany me during the difficult process. I really appreciate all of it.
My special appreciation goes to all my friends, especially Emiliana Arut, Agatha Lisa, and Vitha Ama Matuate, who support me, give encouragement
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and advice in the process of writing this thesis. I also want to thank Rozalina, Ana, Rita, Nadya, Arum, Tusita, Priska, Cici, and all my friends from PBI Batch 2011, whose names I cannot mention one by one here, for all the experiences and great moments we have had in the last four years.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGES ... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK‟S ORIGINALITY ... iv
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... v
ABSTRACT ... vi
ABSTRAK ... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Research Background ... 1
B. Research Problems ... 4
C. Problem Limitation ... 4
D. Research Objectives ... 5
E. Research Benefits ... 5
F. Definition of Terms ... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 8
A. Theoretical Description... 8
1. Language and Gender ... 8
a. Women‟s Speech Style ... 12
b. Men‟s Speech Style ... 19
2. Theories and Causes of Differences ... 23
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CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 31
A. Research Method ... 31
B. Research Setting ... 32
C. Data Source ... 32
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ... 33
E. Data Analyzing Technique ... 35
F. Research Procedure ... 36
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION ... 38
A. Women‟sand Men‟s Speech Features ... 38
B. Factors That Affect Angelina Jolie‟s Speech Style ... 67
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 72
A. Conclusions ... 72
B. Recommendations ... 74
REFERENCES ... 75
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Features of Women‟s Speech ... 34
Table 2. Features of Men‟s Speech ... 35
Table 3. Features of Women‟s Speech ... 46
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LIST OF FIGURE
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A: Women‟s Speech Features Uttered by Angelina Jolie ... 78 Appendix B: Men‟s Speech Features Uttered by Angelina Jolie ... 79 Appendix C: The Categories of Power Relation Factor in Angelina Jolie‟s
Utterances ... 82 Appendix D: The Social Situations in Angelina Jolie‟s Utterances ... 93
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In chapter one, the researcher will present the introduction of the research. This chapter is divided into six sections, namely the research background, the research problems, the problem limitation, the research objectives, the research benefits, and the definition of terms.
A. Research Background
In society, some parents who have a daughter may forbid their daughter from talking or acting like a boy. They might say something like “that‟s very rude
of you” or “stop talking like that” or “stop it, you‟re talking like boys” to stop
their daughter doing that. The parents will tell their daughter some rules that they think appropriate to make their daughter behave as a good girl because if they do not do that, she will be labeled as a tomboy (Maltz & Broker, 1982). This happens because society has different rules on how to treat men and women. Women are always seen as people in the second level in society. Society treats men and women differently. Further, the major difference in the treatment between men and women can be seen in the working field, where men are always judged as the capable ones and have more qualification than women. Although men and women have the same job and same time for working, women always get the lower payment than men. Women are always seen as someone weak and incapable of doing anything (Wodak, 1997, as cited in Holmes & Meyerhoff, 2003).
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Almost every country has their own language, but even though people live in the same country, they use different kinds of languages that are divided by gender. In the modern era, although women and men already have the same treatment because of gender equality, there are still some differences that cannot be omitted. In this case, the way men and women use language. There are some differences in the way men and women talk. Without realizing it, people are accustomed to use language automatically. That happens because society affects the way people use language.
The differences of men‟s and women‟s speech are not only in the voice
pitch, lexical items, and grammatical sentences, but also in pragmatic way. This kind of study is related to sociolinguistics study. Sociolinguistics is a study of language in its social context. The study of social context in this research means the study of linguistics variation. In different social contexts, an individual will speak in different ways or stylistic variation. Moreover, the speaker who differs from each other in terms of age, gender, social class, ethnic group, for example, will differ from each other in their speech, even in the same context. The difference in their speech are usually called social variation (Coates,1997b).
Hall (as cited in Holmes & Mayerhoff, 2003) states that the research about the differences between men‟s and women‟s languages begins since 1922 by a sociolinguist, Jespersen. She notes that Jespersen made the first research on language and gender in Caribbean of a small Atlantis. In that place, men and women use different languages. Language that is used by men is forbidden for women even though they understand it. Spender (as cited in Wood, 1995) states
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that “Women‟s identity and woman‟s presence in the language are not shown. If there is a word that is addressed to women, the word will show the low dignity of women. In English, the word „Bachelor‟ means single male and has positive connotation rather than „Spinster‟ that means old maid and has negative
connotation.” In society, there are also some social differences between men and women. The most significant theories of social differences between men and women are the difference theory and dominance theory. Based on the difference theory, “Men and women, even those within the same group, live in different or separate cultural worlds and, as a result, they promote different ways of speaking”(Uchida, 1992). The theory shows that although men and women belong to the same group, they experience different cultural worlds that make them speak differently.
There are two reasons why the researcher chooses this movie. First, this movie provides some aspects and some related issues regarded to gender and language. This movie provides a typical situation that happens in society nowadays, where both men and women have the same position. Second, the main character, Angelina Jolie‟s has a strong character and a unique speech style that differentiates her with other common women.
People have different ways of speech because many factors, such as culture, social situation and power relation. One of the factors is society where the person socializes. Although it looks like speech style is a simple thing and rarely realized by people, it is actually an interesting topic to be studied because it shows
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This movie can be a good media for those who study in English education and those who want to know more about sociolinguistics issues, language variation and the influences of gender in the use of language. This thesis can help English learners expand their knowledge on the linguistic variation between men and women. This thesis can also be a good material for the lecturers in English education to teach the issue related to gender and language. For the students that major in English, this thesis provides some materials related to the sociolinguistics subject, especially topics related to gender and language, men‟s and women‟s speech features, and the factors that can affect someone‟s speech style.
B. Research Problems
Considering the points found in the focus of the study and the limitation of the problem, the problems can be formulated as follows:
1. Which features of women‟s and men‟s speech styles are found in Angelina
Jolie‟s utterances in Mr. and Mrs. Smith Movie?
2. What factors affect Angelina Jolie‟s speech stylein the movie?
C. Problem Limitation
This research is limited to the use of women‟s and men‟s speech styles by the main character in Mr. and Mrs. Smith movie. The main character in the movie is Mrs. Smith that is played by Angelina Jolie. The research will focus only on
Angelina Jolie‟s utterances because she is the main focus of this research. The
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(1993b) about men‟s and women‟s speech. For the second research problem, the researcher will use Spolsky‟s (1998) and Schmidt‟s (2002) theories. The methodology used in this research is limited to document analysis. The research is done by analyzing the movie and the movie‟s transcript.
D. Research Objectives
In accordance with the problems formulation, the objectives of this research are stated as follows:
1. To find out the features of women‟s and men‟s speech from Angelina
Jolie‟s utterances in Mr. and Mrs. Smith movie.
2. To identify the factors that affect Angelina Jolie‟s speech style in the movie.
E. Research Benefits
The researcher believes that this research will be useful and beneficial for several parties as follows:
1. English Learners
Through this research, English learners can learn and be aware of the
differences between women‟s and men‟s speech styles. This research can also
expand English learners‟ knowledge about sociolinguistics issues and psychological literature about gender and language.
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2. English Teachers
The findings of this research can help English teachers, especially those who teach sociolinguistics subject to provide good materials related to women‟s
and men‟s speech styles. This research is also expected to contribute in the language study development as a media and additional source in teaching and learning process in the classroom.
3. Readers
For the readers, this research aims to give a new perspective about the influence of gender in language uses, especially for those who study in English department. This research also provides some useful information related to men‟s
and women‟s speech for readers and hopefully it can expand the readers‟
knowledge about sociolinguistics issues. 4. Future Researchers
This research will be a good reference for the future researchers to conduct a similar research on sociolinguistics area. This research will also give
valuable information related to men‟s and women‟s speech styles.
F. Definition of Terms
In this thesis, there are some terms that will be frequently used by the researcher, and described as follows:
1. Character
The character is “the person represents in dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional
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qualities expressed in the dialogue and action” (Abrams, 1981). The character in
this research is the qualities and features that make someone different from others.
2. Gender
Femininity and masculinity or one‟s gender identity refers to the degree to which persons see themselves as masculine or feminine given what it means to be a man or woman in society (Stets & Burke,1996). The concept of gender identity is different from someone being male or female that already decided since someone was born. There are some features that were made by people in society to define whether someone is masculine or feminine. In this research, gender is a term that the researcher uses to differentiate the way men and women act.
3. Speech Style
Speech styles are defined quantitatively with reference to the probability of the occurrence of selected linguistic variables dependent upon extralinguistic context and linguistic environment (Auer, 1986, p. 23). According to Auer, extralinguistic context here is the parameter that can affect the change in the speaker style, such as setting, region, social class, age, sex, and social networks. In this research, speech style is one of the language terms that is used to show the
speaker‟s choices regarding to the linguistic features, such as vocabulary, pitch, intonation, and grammar.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher will present a discussion of theories in which the study was developed. There will be two main areas of concern, namely the theoretical description and the theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
This part is divided into two main topics, namely language and gender and the theories causes of differences. The first topic covers the men‟s and women‟s speech features by Lakoff (1975) and Wood (1993b). The second topic covers some theories related to language and gender and the causes of the differences
between men‟s and women‟s speech.
1. Language and Gender
Language is the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by people in a particular country or area (Hornby, 2010). Language is people‟s identity that differentiates one with the other because almost every country and area has different languages. People are able to know someone‟s status from the way the person speaks. The language style that is used by someone can show which social group someone belongs. Some sociolinguists such as Lakoff (1975), Spender (1985), Coates (1986), Cameron (1995), have made some researches about the influence of gender and language in society. Most of them believe that the characteristics of language which used by women is different from
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men. According to Jong (1997) and Reik (1954), as cited in Haas (1979) “The
possible cause of that difficulty is that men and women in fact not really be
speaking in the same language.” Women and men actually do not speak in the same language, therefore, they often have difficulty to understand each other and sometimes they misunderstand each other. Wood (1993a) also explains that the studies about gender and communication have been done by many researchers since decades. In one of the studies that is done by Johnson (as cited in Verderber, 1995) shows that men and women actually have different assumptions in communication. He states that both men and women live in two different worlds and that becomes great evidence why both of them have different forms of communication in the society, such as different strategies and communication goals. In the other study, Wood (1993b) also considers that feminine‟s and
masculine‟s communicating styles show the clear evidence in the distinction of
the speech communities. The feminine style represents a woman‟s way of speaking and the masculine style represents man‟s way of speaking.
Tannen (1994) believes that women and men are typically engaged in distinctive styles of communication with different purposes, rules, and understandings on how to interpret talk. It means that men and women learn the language, the rule, and how to interpret language separately, therefore, they have some difficulties to communicate with each other.
The differences between men and women are also found in the form of discrimination in society. Women are always considered to be cornered in language use. Women are always judged to talk like a lady. They need to talk
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gracefully and courteously. If they do not do so, they will be criticized to be a not-feminine-woman. Although, when they talk gracefully and courteously, they will also be judged as a weak person and cannot think clearly about serious problems. Lakoff (as cited in Holmes & Mayerhoff, 2003) states that “Quite is a character that is need by society from a woman. On the other side, it is normal for man to
angry and act aggressively.” On the contrary, men have never been criticized when they talk rudely. People in society think that it is a common thing and it is
men‟s nature to be like that.
Adaptation is a hard process for women, because in some fields, they need to talk like a man that has a lot of benefits than when they talk like a woman. They will also encounter some risks such as they will be said as an aggressive woman. “Tracing women‟s political communication from 1920, some have adopted the masculine speech traditionally appropriate to politics, but have been considered abrasive and asexual as a result” (Larner, 2009, p. 5). Politics is one of the fields that acceptable for women, but it is very hard for them to use the
women‟s speech style because it holds no power. Lakoff (as cited in Holmes & Mayerhoff, 2003) states that women‟s language is a language of powerlessness because there are some expressions, such as fillers or hedge, super polite forms,
and question tag, that are considered irresolute and reflect women‟s position as
the subordinate in society.
In current situation, men and women have the same status in society. Women can do the job that is only done by men before and men also can be a good father and a gentleman at the same time without being afraid will be called a
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feminine man. As cited in Holmes and Meyerhoff (2003), Cameron (1998) states
that “Men and women are now in competition of the same kind of power, status as
opposed to taking up complementary roles. Although, when they can adapt the language successfully, they will be seen as arrogant women and unfeminine.”
Cameron‟s statement shows that although women can successfully use men‟s
language and adapt successfully, they will have some risks of being judged as
abrasive and asexual. “Women who successfully adapt to characteristically male
linguistic norms run the risk of being perceive as aggressive and confrontational, as unfeminine – in other words, there is a class between what is expected of a person in a high status in the public spheres” (Coates, 1998).
The study that is conducted by McElhinny (as cited in Larner, 2009) reveals that the female police officer defeminize their language and behavior in order to reconcile others and themselves to their presence in the police department. Women need to change the way they speak because they want to reconcile and they want to be recognized not as a weak woman, but as a partner that can be relied on.
“Even in the politics, the difference in the way men and women talking not
bring any benefit for women in the politics life. Different from man‟s language,
women‟s language or feminine language are considered too passive in politics”
(Larner, 2009, p. 5).From Larner‟s statement, it can be seen that although women work in politics field they are still considered to be unimportant just because of the way they use language.
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In society, there are some women who prefer using masculine language rather than feminine language and vice versa. The factor that affects the usage of
the language is the speech community where men and women belong. “What follows describes gendered speech communities into which most women and men are socialized” (Woods, 1993b). Wood notes that the way men and women speak are the result of the community where they belong. In her article, Wood mentions that there are two kinds of speech communities, namely feminine speech
community that used women‟s speech and masculine speech community that used men‟s speech.
Larner (2009) states that men‟s speech is competitive, dominating, and
antagonist, on the contrary, women‟s speech is always confined to the private domain as caregivers, hence, they have developed preferences for establishing
intimacy and maintain unity. In short, Larner emphasizes that woman‟s speech is
more supportive and inclusive. It is different with the masculine rhetoric in the
man‟s speech that reflects their behaviours and predominates. Based on Larner (2009), masculine rhetoric is an assertive and informative way of speech. Larner also states that feminine speech acts conversely, that reflects women‟s behaviour, such as cooperative and sensitive.
a. Women’s Speech Style
The research about women and language has been done over the years. Many researchers show the features of language which are uttered by women are different from men. The most well-known research on women and language is the
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contained of ten features. Lakoff believes that women frequently use these ten features when they speak.
1. Women Language
Women language is a term that first mentioned by Lakoff to show the features of women‟s speech pattern and vocabulary use. Lakoff (1975) argues that women language reflects the powerless of women. Women tend to speak politely since they are status-conscious. Standard speech is the common feature used since they believe that the way they speak shows their social status in society. Lakoff
provides a list of ten linguistic features which characterize women‟s speech, as
follows:
The first feature is lexical hedges. This feature contains of some words
that can weaken the speaker‟s statement. The function of the hedge is to mitigate
the possible unfriendliness, unkindness, or uncertainty from the speaker‟s statement. The examples of this feature are sort of, kind of, I guess, I wonder, you know, maybe, and probably.
The second feature is tag question or question tag. Tag question is a grammatical in which a declarative statement or an imperative is turned into a question by adding an interrogative fragment or the tag to request confirmation or disconfirmation of the statement from the addressee. This feature is used to show that they do not have confidence in their utterances and they want an approval. The examples of this feature are, did I?, can’t you, and isn’t it?
The third feature is rising intonation on declarative. Lakoff states that women usually raise their pitch of voice at the end of a statement to express
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uncertainty. The purpose of the rising intonation at the end of the sentence is to demand an answer. The example of rising intonation is Dinner’s in half an hour?
The fourth feature is empty adjective. The empty adjective is used to
express approbation in terms of one‟s own personal reaction. The function is to
show the speaker‟s approbation or admiration of something in her own way. The examples of this feature are charming, sweet, and adorable.
The fifth feature is intensifiers. The intensifier is the expression that is used to emphasize the words that are uttered by the speaker. The function is to
strengthen an assertion which shows women‟s feeling about something as they do
not know how strong the feeling is. For example: extremely and totally.
The sixth feature is hypercorrect grammar. Women tend to speak using prestige grammar and clear articulation. The function is they are supposed to be polite as they are considered having sub-ordinate status in society. For example, women avoid using ‘ain’t’ or double negatives in their conversation.
The seventh feature is super polite forms. Women tend to use super polite expression when asking someone to do something. The expressions that are usually used in the dialogue, such as please, could you, and would you mind.
The eighth feature is avoidance of strong swear words. Women tend to avoid using strong swear words in their utterances and substitute the coarse expression with more polite expression. The examples of this feature are Oh my God, Jesus Christ, and Holy mother of God.
The ninth feature is emphatic stress. Women usually strengthen their utterances to describe their judgment about something. The function is to
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emphasize one‟s judgment on something. A woman who is concerned with other‟s feelings usually uses the emphatic stress expression to show the positive politeness to the addressee. For example: so, very, and quite.
The tenth feature is precise color terms. Women usually use some specific color terms when they talk. They become more detailed when it comes to color. They have their own vocabulary to clarify the color names. For example: Magenta, Aquamarine, and Lavender.
According to Trudgill (as cited in Coates, 1998) “Women use prestige variants more often than men because they are status conscious.” This happens because once, they have lower status than men, therefore, to raise their class in society they use some features of language which is known as women language. While men, on the other hand, are judged by what they do, therefore, that they are not under pressure to use the prestige variant.
2. Women’s Speech
The women‟s speech theory by Wood (1993b) has a different point of view from Lakoff‟s theory. Wood studies at the way women speak, but not from
the choice of words or the typical words like Lakoff‟s theory, but more to
women‟s attitude and women‟s purpose when they talk. There are six features of
women‟s speech, based on Wood‟s theory, namely:
A. Equality
Aries (as cited in Wood, 1993b) believes that in women‟s communication,
equality between people is generally important. Women‟s speech is more flexible
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sequence. Typical expression to communicate equality would be something, such as “I‟ve done the same thing many times,” “I‟ve felt the same way,” and
“Something like that happened to me too and I felt like you do.” Based on Hall and Langellier (as cited in Wood, 1993b), growing out of the quest for equality is a participatory mode of interaction in which communicators respond to and build
on each other‟s ideas in the process of conversing. The speakers have the same
opportunity to give their opinion and share their feelings.
B. Showing Support
Women often express their understanding and sympathy with a friend‟s feelings to demonstrate and show support to each other. There are some communicative clues to show that women understand and support the speaker,
such as “Oh, you must feel terrible,” “I really hear what you are saying,” and “I think you did the right thing.”
C. Attention to the Relationship Level
Beck and Tannen (as cited in Wood, 1993) believe that in conversations between women, it is natural to hear a number of questions that probe for greater understanding of feelings and perceptions surrounding the subject of talk. It can be seen that the relationship level of the talk focuses on feelings and the relationship between communicators rather than on the content of messages. The content of the talk deals with some expressions to understand the speaker‟s perspective, but usually not without serious attention to the feelings involved. The
probes that usually used by the listener are “Tell me more about what happened,” “How did you feel when it occurred?” and “Doyou think it was deliberate?”
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D. Conversational Maintenance Work
This involves efforts to sustain conversation by inviting others to speak and by prompting them to elaborate their experiences. Women, for instance, ask a number of questions that initiate topics for others, such as “How was your day?”
“Tell me about your meeting,” and “Did anything interesting happen on your
trip?” Those kinds of utterances above open the door for others to speak and to maintain interaction between the speakers.
E. Responsiveness
Women usually respond in some ways to what others say. A woman
might say “Tell me more,” “That‟s interesting,” sometimes, she will only nod and use eye contact to signal the addressee that she is engaged in the conversation, or perhaps she will ask a question. Responsiveness reflects the tendencies to care about others and to make them feel valued and included (Lakoff, 1975). It also affirms another person and encourages elaboration by showing interest in what was said. This kind of responsiveness is shown by women in aim to keep the speaker continue the story.
F. Tentativeness
This may be expressed in a number of forms. Sometimes, women use
verbal hedges such as “I kind of feel you may be overreacting.” In other
situations, they qualify statements by saying “I‟m probably not the best judge of
this, but…” Another way to keep talk provisional is to use a question tag statement. The examples of this feature are “That was a pretty good movie, wasn‟t
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it?” “This necklace looks awesome, isn‟t it?” Tentative communication opens the door for others to respond and to express their opinions.
There has been controversy about tentativeness in women‟s speech. Lakoff (1975) is the first one to note that women use more hedges, qualifiers, and tag questions than men, claims that these expressions represent lack of confidence and uncertainty. Calling women language as powerless language, Lakoff also states that the women language reflects women‟s socialization into subordinate roles and low self-esteem. As cited in Wood (1995), since Lakoff‟s work, other scholars, such as Bate (1988), Wood and Lenze (1991) have suggested different
explanations of women‟s tentative style of speaking. Spender (as cited in Wood, 1995), in particular, points out Lakoff‟s judgment of the inferiority of women language is based on using men language as the standard, which does not recognize the distinctive validity of different speech communities. Rather than
look at the powerlessness of women‟s speech, some features in women‟s speech, such as the use of hedges, qualifiers, and tag question may express women‟s desire to keep the conversation open and include others. It is much easier to jump into a conversation that has not been sealed with absolute and firm statements. A
tentative style of speaking supports women‟s general desire to create equality and
include others. It is important that people outside of women‟s speech community may have different interpretations of women‟s intentions in using tentative communication.
Sociolinguists have characterized female‟s language as emotional, pleasing, supportive and conciliatory. Some studies also prove that women use
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inclusive pronouns, such as „we’ and ‘us’, to invite addressees into conversations.
Women tend to use minimal responses such as „mmhmm‟ and „uh-huh‟ to show
support and attentiveness, use suggestions such as „let’s‟, to maintain respect, to
weaken their statements and modal verbs such as „may’ and ‘could’ to maintain equality and receive approval. From the features above, it can be seen that women aim to understand other feelings when communicates. The objectives of communicate for them are to share and to understand each other feeling.
b. Men’s Speech Style
The differences between women and men when interact with each other may be the result of different socialization and acculturation patterns. Speech pattern can be learned by analysing and researching on groups talk. The ways people communicate are different to be sex-specific. The miscommunication which occurs between women and men may well attributable to the different expectations each sex has the function of the interaction, and the ways it is appropriately conducted. Men have different features compare to women. “In many ways, the masculine style of speech is directly opposite from the feminine style. Men seem to avoid self-disclosure, and prefer to talk about more impersonal topics such as current affairs, travel, or sport” (Coates, 1997, p. 119). Coates also says that the topic when women and men talk is very different.
Women are usually better at expressing their feelings through words.
Klerk (as cited in Coates, 1987, p. 108) states that “Men are prone to use stronger
expletives, such as damn, shit, or worse, than women‟s oh dear, or goodness.”
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prefer to use softer expletives, such as, „God,‟ „Goodness,‟ „dear,‟ and „Jesus.‟ However, nowadays these particular differences are rapidly disappearing. Coates (1987) believes that the way women talk is starting to change.
Men‟s speech style is different from women‟s speech style. The men‟s
speech style tends to avoid self-disclosure. Men tend to avoid talking about feeling or story that related to other feelings. They prefer to talk about an impersonal topic such as sport, news, or something that based on the facts. There are some features of men‟s speech according to Haas (1979), such as the frequent use of slang, the use of profanity and obscenity, the use language are to lecture, to argue, to debate, to assert and to command, the use of nonstandard form, directive, and coarse.
1. Men’s Speech
Besides, women‟s speech, Wood (1993b) also gives some features of
men‟s speech which are spoken by the masculine speech communities. Based on Wood (1993b), men‟s speech tends to regard talk as a way to exert control, preserve, independence, entertain, and enhance status. There are some features of
men‟s speech style, such as:
A. Status and Control
Men often speak to exhibit knowledge, skill, or ability to establish their own status and value. Equally is thetypical tendency to avoid disclosing personal information that might make a man appears weak or vulnerable. Tannen believes that the tendency to give advice is a common thing in men‟s speech. Men tend to use commands such as „give me‟ and „turn over‟ to show the leadership (Larner,
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2009, p. 4). Men tend to use language to show their power. They usually talk assertively to show their authoritative. Men are the one that usually control the conversation. Therefore, they might interrupt if the conversation leads to the topic that they do not like.
B. Instrumentality
Men socialize to do things and to achieve their goals (Bellinger & Gleason, 1982). In conversation, this is often expressed through problem-solving efforts that focus on getting information, discovering facts, and suggesting solutions. Men tend to talk with some facts and do not include any feeling into it. The communication‟s aims are limited to gain and to deliver information.
C. Conversational Dominance
In most circumstances, men tend to talk more and at greater length than women. Men engaged in other verbal behaviors that sustain conversational dominance. They may reroute the conversation by using what people said as a jump-off point for their own topic or they may interrupt. Not only do men seem to interrupt more than women, but they do so for different reasons. Stewart and her colleagues (1990, p. 5I) suggest that men use interruptions to control the conversation by challenging the other speakers. On the other hand, when women interrupt, it shows that they interest and they want to respond. Men and women have different aims when interrupting, such as men aim to control the conversation and want the conversation to go as what they want. Therefore, it will be seen rough when men do the interruption rather than when women do.
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D. Direct and Assertive
As cited in Haas (1979), compared to women, man‟s language is typically more forceful, direct, and authoritative (Beck, 1988; Eakins & Eakins, 1978; Stewart et al., 1990; Tannen, 1990a, 1990b). Tentative speech, such as hedges and disclaimers are used less frequently by men rather than by women. This is consistent with gender socialization in which men use speech to assert themselves and to take and hold positions.
E. More Abstract
Haas (1979) also agrees that men frequently speak in general terms that are removed from concrete experiences and distanced from personal feeling
(Schaef, 1981; Treichler & Kramarae, 1983). The abstract style of men‟s speech
reflects the general and impersonal context in which they confront in their speech community. Although, in more personal relationship, the abstract talk creates a barrier that makes people encounter a difficulty to know other intimately.
F. Less Emotionally Responsive
Men rarely show their emotions when they are asked to. They will respond as little as possible to hide their feelings. They usually think that showing their emotions means they are weak and pathetic. Rather than feminine speech patterns,
men‟s speech tends not to be highly responsive or they usually use minimal response cues. Men, more than women, give what are called “minimal response
cues”, which are verbalizations such as “yeah” or “umhmm”
It is characterized by a one-at-a-time structure. There is a little overlap in
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those turns are seen as individually owned” (Coates 1997a, p. 124). Male
friendships do not seem to place a great value on talk. Men concentrate more on doing things together, such as sports. On the other hand, men generally give greater value in what is being said, on the exchange of information.
2. Theories and Causes of Differences
This section discusses the theories and the causes of the differences between men‟s and women‟s speech styles. Besides the main theory that is used
about women who talk using men‟s speech style, the researcher also adds two theories because they are the main theories in gender and language. There are some causes of the differences that will be discussed briefly in this section.
a. Theory of Inter Group Relationship and Social Change
There are some theories about why women who talk using the men‟s
language. As cited in Coates (1997b), one of the theories is Henry Tajfel‟s theory, namely inner-group relationship and social change (1974, 1978, 1981). Based on this theory, people who accept the inferior status for a group will leave the group individually and become accepted by the superior group. This occurs from time to time in business circle or in politics. This theory corresponds with the power and dominance theory that women are the inferior group in society and men are the superior one.
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Figure 1. Tajfel’s Theory of Inter Group Relationship and Social Change (Coates, 1997b)
There are two possible strategies for the inferior social group. First, they can measure themselves against members of their own group. Second, they can try individually to join the superior group. On the other hand, women who refuse to accept the inferior status in society will attempt as a group to change this. Tajfel outlines three ways to do this. First, they will try to gain equality and will adopt the values of the superior or majority group, this is called assimilation. Second, they will try to redefine the features which have previously been defined in negative terms by society. Third, they will try to create new dimensions in comparison with the superior group, therefore they are defining for themselves what has positive value. This strategy is done by women to gain equality in working condition and in legal terms. These kinds of women adopt a strategy and assimilate in to the dominant group in the following ways: They use deeper voice
Inferior Social Group
ACCEPT (Inferior Status)
Compare themself with others in group
Join superior group (tokenism)
REJECT (Inferior Status)
Assimilate with superior group and
demand equality
Redefine negative characteristics
Create new dimension for
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(lower pitch), use swears and taboo language, adopt a more assertive style in group interaction, adopt prosodic features more typical of men (e.g. Falls rather than rising intonation), and address themselves in public to the traditional male topic, such as business, politics, and economics.
Although, this is a good strategy for women, Coates (1997b) finds out a problem in this strategy. The problem is women redefine themselves in terms of men‟s value. This is a flawed strategy because women are going for searching their own satisfactory identity.
Besides this theory, some researchers agree that there are two main theories of gender differences in language. Both of the theories reflect the two
views of women‟s status as a group. The first theory is the dominance theory. This theory claims that the difference in language between men and women is a consequence of male dominance and female subordination (Lakoff, 1975; Fishman, 1983). Based on this theory, women are a suppressed minority group in society which is shown by the way they use language. On the other hand, men are the superior group and the way they use language shows their power in society. The second theory is the difference theory (Coates, 1986; Tannen, 1990). This theory believes that men and women belong to different subcultures and that any linguistic differences can be attributed to cultural differences.
b. The Causes of Differences
The differences between men‟s and women‟s speech are not complete without the causes of the difference. There are some researchers that analyze the
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cause of difference. There are five causes of the differences in men and women speech that are taken from different articles and books.
1. Language Styles
Spolsky (1998, p. 31) states that “at the times, we are more careful, and at times we are more relaxed in our speech or writing, just as at times we are more careful and more relaxed in other kinds of behavior, like how we dress or eat.”
Spolsky‟s statement relates to the formality as one of the examples of the language styles. A speaker is usually aware of the addressee‟s status. A person can choose to speak formally or informally depends on the addressee. It is
important to represent the speaker‟s sense of identity of language style.
2. Register and Domains
Spolsky (1998, p. 33) states that the occupation may affect the speaker in the term of the new concept. In example, people who work in a particular field,
can develop some terms such as “hacking” and “internet surfing”. The terms may
be difficult to be understood for some people who do not keep up with the internet
revolution. It is also the same with cricket, there are some words such as “sticky wicket” and “hit for a six” that can only be understood by those who experience cricket. Spolsky (1998, p. 34) states that there is a typical domain which define the way people speak in terms of social situation. The two common domains which are mentioned by Spolsky are work and home.
3. Slang and Solidarity
Spolsky (1998, p. 35) mentions that slang is used as intimacy in a group. However, slang is considered disobey the social norm because it included some
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taboo expressions. Slang expressions widely used by young people and they employ it as a sign of freedom. In speaking, the young people use slang to emphasize their utterances. Slang‟s social function is as a sign of membership and
solidarity among people who use it. Spolsky (1998, p. 35) states that “by choosing
the form of language associated with a specific group, we are making a claim to be counted as a member of a group.” From the statement, it can be seen that solidarity and language are closely related. Group solidarity can be seen from the way people use the language, such as accent and word choice.
4. Power Relation
Spolsky (1998, p. 39) states that the power relation happens when “a
person‟s speech carries a claim to be more or less powerful than the others.” The power relation is one of the social factors that affect the way people talk. It is differentiated into three categories. The categories are H (high) – L (low), L (low)
– H (high), and same or equal or same status. The power relation is determined by some factors, such as age, gender, and position at work. Schmidt (2002, p. 26) emphasizes that the differences in language and gender asymmetries with the power relation.
5. Social Situation
Spolsky (1998, p.34) classifies social situation into three defining features, namely, place, role-relation, and topic. Spolsky believes that those three social situations affect the way people talk. The dialogue where the conversation takes place can make a difference. In example, if the conversation takes place in the office, the topic must be work related. It is different if the conversation that
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happens in the house the topic must be related to daily experience, foods, furniture, and family.
B. Theoretical Framework
The differences in women‟s and men‟s speech have been searching all
over the years. Many researchers believe that men and women actually do not speak with the same language that make them cannot understand each other even though they speak with the same language (Jong & Reik, 1954). The differences
in men‟s and women‟s speech sometimes create problems for women. Women‟s
speech is considered powerless that show subordinate position in society (Lakoff, 1975). Women have difficulties to find a suitable job for them in society because of the language that is used. Men and women are said to be in the competition to gain the same power, status as opposed to taking up complementary roles in the society. Although, when women able to adapt the language successfully, they will be seen as arrogant and unfeminine women (Cameron, 1998). In politics field,
women‟s speech is considered too passive and too weak for politics, even though
women who adopted the men‟s speech are considered abrasive and asexual
(Larner, 2009).
The differences in men‟s and women‟s speech have been searched by
many researchers over the years. Lakoff (1975) states that there are ten features of the powerless language that is used by women, namely lexical hedges or fillers, tag questions, rising intonation, empty adjective, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, super polite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, emphatic stress,
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and precise color terms. Wood (1993b) also lists six features of women‟s speech, but different from Lakoff (1975), who search for the features of the women‟s language, Wood‟s theory explains more on the women‟s attitude and women‟s aim when they talk. The six features of the women‟s speech are equality, showing support, attention to the relationship level, conversational maintenance work, responsiveness, and tentativeness. Besides women‟s speech, Wood (1993b) also mentions six features of men‟s speech, namely status and control, instrumentally, conversational dominance, direct and assertive, abstract, and less emotionally responsive.
Henry Tajfel (as cited in Coates, 1997b) proposes a theory about the reason why women talk uses the men‟s language, namely inner-group relationship and social change. Based on the theory, there are two possible strategies for the inferior social group, which are to accept or to reject the inferior status. This theory is the theory that has been supported by the two main theory, namely dominance theory (Lakoff, 1975, Fishman, 1983) and difference theory (Coates, 1986, Tannen, 1994). Both of the theories and Tajfel theory believe that men are the superior one in the society and women are the inferior one, but Tajfel theory explained women‟s status in the society further.
The last part covers the factors of the differences between men‟s and
women‟s speech. There are some causes of the differences in men‟s and women‟s
speech. The factors are language styles (Spolsky, 1998), register and domains (Spolsky, 1998), slang and solidarity (Spolsky, 1998), power relation (Spolsky, 1998; Schmidt, 2002), and social situation (Spolsky, 1998).
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The theories are summarized and used to analyze the research problems. For the first research question, “Which features of women‟s and men‟s speech styles are found in Angelina Jolie‟s utterance?” The researcher uses Wood‟s theory about men‟s and women‟s features rather than Lakoff‟s theory about women language because Wood studies women‟s and men‟s speech more to the purpose not only the features in speech style. Wood also provides both men‟s and
women‟s speech features, which is different with Lakoff that only provides the features of women language.
For the second research question, “What factors affect Angelina Jolie‟s speech style in Mr. and Mrs. Smith Movie?”, the researcher Spolsky‟s and Schmidt‟s theories to analyze the factors that affect Angelina‟s speech style in the movie. Spolsky‟s and Schmidt‟s theories were chosen because their theories explain the social aspects that affect the way someone speak rather than gender aspects.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter is divided into six sections. The sections are the research method, the research setting, the data source, the research instrument and data gathering technique, the data analyzing technique, and the research procedure.
A. Research Method
This research is qualitative research in nature because of two reasons. First, it is because this research focuses on understanding social phenomena. Qualitative research is intended to approach the world out there and to understand, describe and sometimes explain the social phenomena from inside a number of different ways (Ripley & Uwe, 2007). The different ways mentioned in the definition were related to the technique of analyzing. Second, it is because of the use of the document or movie transcript that contained the conversation as data analyzed. According to Ripley and Flick (2007), “analyzing conversation has a long tradition in the history of qualitative research.” The data of this research were found in the Mr. and Mrs. Smithmovie‟s script that contained the conversation of the characters. The data were analyzed based on woods (1993b) theories about men and women‟s speech.
Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002, p. 442) define document analysis as “a research method applied to written or visual material for the purpose of identifying specified characteristic of materials.” The materials were usually in the
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form of scripts, textbooks, advertisement, and any other types of document. In the same book, Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002, p. 22) state that document analysis
was applied as the methodology for it “provides narrative description and
interpretation.”
B. Research Setting
The analysis of Mr. and Mrs. Smith movie was started from September 9th, 2014 until April 10th, 2015. Therefore, the researcher spent half a year in
analyzing the script to gather the expressions of women‟s speech and men‟s
speech in the transcript.
C. Data Source
The data of this research was Angelina Jolie‟s utterances in English movie entitled Mr. and Mrs. Smith that was in the form of movie transcription. The researcher chose the movie because it had two criteria, such as social interaction between men and women and the supporting social environment that was needed in analyzing the factors which affected the speech style.
The movie was a romantic-action American movie produced by 20th Century Fox Production in 2005. The movie was written by Simon Kingberg and directed by Dough Liman. It was a two-hour duration movie with Mrs. Jane Smith that was played by Angelina Jolie as the main character.
The reason the researcher chose Jane‟s character was because she had strong and unique personality. In the movie, Jane was someone who was known
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as an ordinary officer by people around her, including her husband, but actually she worked as the head of the professional assassin enterprise. Jane‟s character shows the men‟s speech style that was used by most of the opposite gender in the society. She also performed a unique speech style that made the researcher interested in doing the research.
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
There were two instruments used in this research, namely human instrument and document. The first instrument was the human instrument which acted as the main instrument in obtaining the data. “The human instrument has the unique capability of summarizing data on the spot and feeding it back to an informant for clarification, correction, and amplification” (Lincoln & Guba, 1985, p. 194). Lincoln and Guba state that human instrument is the main instrument in gathering the data from the documents.
The second instrument was the document that can help the researcher in doing the research, such as source books. In order to accomplish the research questions, the researcher made an observation on the script. After that, the data found would be presented in the analysis. Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002) mention that the documents can be a personal document, such as diaries, files, or
books. The researcher employed the script to collect the data from the character‟s
utterances. The movie‟s transcript consisted of 121 pages and was taken from http://awesomefilm.com/script/mr_and_mrs_smith. pdf. The script that was found in this blog was the original document, but there were some different parts and the
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dialogues in the movie transcript were not as much as the dialogues in the movie. Based on that reason, the researcher combined both the original script and the
movie‟s dialogue when gathering the data, but most of the data were taken from the movie‟s transcript.
The researcher selected the utterances of Angelina Jolie that will be used as the data to find out the answer of the first research questions. Besides the two main instruments, the researcher also used checklist and tables to gather the data in the movie. The researcher made two tables based on wood theories about the
features of men‟s and women‟s speech.
Table 1. Features of Women’s Speech.
No Women’s Speech
Angelina Jolie’s Utterances Time Total Utteranc
es 1. Attention to
the
relationship level
Nice. So what did you decide? 01:01:40,493
4 So what do you want, John? 01:02:23,286
Why is it you think we failed? Cos we were leading separate lives? Or was it all the lying that did us in?
01:04:09,142
And why are you telling me this now?
01:06:58,353
Total utterances of women’s speech 4
The second table contained the six features of men‟s speech based on Wood‟s theory (1995). The second table was similar to the first one, there were
the feature of the men‟s speech style, Angelina Jolie‟s utterances, and the total
utterances found. The tables were placed in the last parts of each discussion of
women‟s and men‟s speech and functions as the summary of each part of the
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Table 2. Features of Men’s Speech.
No Men’s Speech
Angelina Jolie’s Utterances Time Total Utterances 1. Direct and
assertive
We talked about this. You remember?
00:13:12,752 5
You‟ll get used to „em. 00:13:30,353
We‟ll get him out tomorrow. 00:29:38,280
Order more. All right. Go, Jas. 00:29:43,243 I want GPS and SAC of the
canyon, and the weather report for the last three days
00:29:57,799
Total utterances of men’s speech 5
There were some supporting instruments that were used in this research, namely electronic devices, that were consisted of laptop and speaker and the software that was the media player used to play the movie. The researcher listed the expressions needed, such as the expressions of men‟s speech. The researcher also matched the expressions found in the movie with the movie transcript. After
collecting the data, the researcher would clarify men‟s and women‟s speech and
would analyze the factors that affect Angelina Jolie‟s speech style in the movie.
E. Data Analyzing Technique
The data collected in this research were analyzed to answer the research questions. By watching the movie, the researcher cross checked the content, pitch, intonation, and the complete information that can help the researcher in analyzing the data.
The first problem in the research was to present the features of men‟s and
women‟s speech in Angelina Jolie‟s utterances with the other characters in the
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men‟s and women‟s speech styles. The features of men‟s speech style were status and control, instrumentally, conversational, command, interrupting, direct and assertive, abstract, and less emotionally responsive. While the features of
women‟s speech style were attention to the relationship level, conversational maintenance work, responsiveness, tentativeness, equality, and showing support.
The second research problem was to present the factors that affect the
Angelina‟s speech style. There were some theories from Spolsky (1998) and Schmidt (2002) that would help the researcher in analyzing the factors that affect
Angelina Jolie‟s speech style.
F. Research Procedure
The research involved several steps in order to finish the analysis of the data. The first step that the researcher went through was collecting the data from
the movie‟s transcript. In the process of collecting the data, the researcher watch the movie several times in order to clarify the data collected. The researcher took some utterances from Angelina that was considered as the data to find out the answer of the first and the second research problems.
After collecting the data, the next step was recording the utterances. This step was done by making the written record of the data gathered. To make sure the data collected, the researcher make the written record that help the researcher in the next steps.
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The next step was crosschecking the written report and the movie. The researcher crosschecked the data three times. Therefore, there will be no differences in the data collection and the movie.
The next step was categorizing character‟s utterances into two kinds of speech styles. There were two speech styles proposed by Wood (1993b), namely
men‟s and women‟s speech styles. The researcher categorized the data by using Table 1 and 2. The tables were made based on Wood classification of men and
women‟s speech features. Each utterance in the transcript was put in each category to help the researcher in analyzing the data.
After categorizing the character utterances, the researcher would analyze some factors that affect Angelina Jolie‟s speech style in the movie. There were two factors that were chosen by the researchers that affect Angelina‟s speech style. Those factors were power relationships and social situations.
The last step in this research was drawing the conclusion. The researcher started to draw the conclusion after getting all the answer of the first and the second research problems. The researcher would present the finding in the discussion and the conclusion.
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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the discussion of the research that had been done by the researcher. It covers the research questions that had been mentioned in chapter one. The explanations in this chapter are divided into two sections categorized according to the two research questions.
A. Women’s and Men’s Speech Features Used by Angelina Jolie
Jane Smith‟s utterances were identified and analyzed based on Wood‟s (1993b) theory about women‟s and men‟s speech styles. Jane‟s utterances in the
movie were additionally corresponded with some expressions of men‟s and women‟s speech. The research findings would explain the women‟s speech first.
After that, the researcher would explain about men‟s speech which is arranged based on the frequency of occurrence.
In this chapter, the researcher would discuss each chosen utterance that is
considered as the men‟s and the women‟s speech styles. There are forty-six dialogues that are chosen to discuss the men‟s and women‟s speech styles. The researcher prefers to discuss and to analyze the utterances by using Jane Smith
Angelina Jolie‟s name in the movie to avoid misunderstanding. a. Women’s Speech Characteristics Used by Angelina Jolie
There were only four features of women‟s speech that were found and used by Angelina out of six features. The features were attention to the
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relationship level, conversational maintenance work, tentativeness, and responsiveness.
1. Attention to the Relationship Level
Attention to the relationship level that was shown in Angelina Jolie‟s utterances was the relationship between lover or husband and wife. All of the dialogues here were taken from Jane and her husband‟s conversation.
Dialogue 1
Jane : Nice. So what did you decide? John : I want a divorce.
---
Jane : So what do you want, John?
John : We have an unusual problem, Jane. You obviously want me dead. And I'm less and less concerned of your wellbeing. So what do we do? Do we shoot it out here? Hope for the best?
The dialogue happened in the ballroom hotel where John proposed to Jane. Jane was depressed because she thought John died in the explosion that happened inside the elevator. While she was sitting in one of the tables in the ballroom, someone came, held her hand and poured some wine in the glass in her hand. It was John and he was still alive. They had conversation at the table before they
moved to the dance floor. Jane‟s utterances “So what did you decide?” and “So
what do you want, John?” were considered as attention to the relationship level because she was talking as a wife and she also asked John about their relationship.
Dialogue 2
Jane : Why is it you think we failed? Cos we were leading separate lives? Or was it all the lying that did us in?
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98 124. Well, so you say. But right now, you‟re trapped in a steel box hanging 70 floors
over nothing but air.
√
125. Do l? √
126. Well, back at you, baby. √
127. Yes, thank you. Did you also get the base charge on the principle cable? Promise to
leave town, or I‟ll blow it. √
128. What? √
129. You think I won‟t? √
130. OK. Five, four... Any last words? √
131. Goodbye, John. √
132. What the hell was that? √
133. Nice. So what did you decide? √
134. I like it. You proposed to me here, so it has agreeable symmetry. √
135. No. √
136. I‟m fine, thank you. √
137. So what do you want, John? √
138. Well, that would be a shame, because they‟d probably ask me to leave once you‟re dead.
√
139. You don‟t dance. √
140. Was sloth part of it too? √
141. Happy endings are just stories that haven‟t finished yet. √
142. Satisfied? √
143. Why is it you think we failed? Cos we were leading separate lives? Or was it all the lying that did us in?
√
144. I‟m breathless to hear it. √
145. Provocative. √
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99
147. Well, who said you were just a cover? √
148. Wasn‟t l? √
149. I have to... Excuse me. √
150. Jane Smith. √
151. Oh come on, it was just a little bomb. √
152. I‟ll race you there, baby. You there yet? √
153. You tell me. √
154. And why are you telling me this now? √
155. I thought... I thought that you were the most beautiful mark I‟d ever seen. √
156. All business. √
157. Cold, hard math. √
158. OK √
159. You still alive, baby? √
160. Who‟s your daddy now? √
161. Don‟t! Come on. Come on! √
162. Hi, stranger. √
163. Have a nice night. √
164. You take it well. √
165. That vacation in Aspen? You left early. Why? √
166. Oh, God! √
167. I wanted him. √
168. No. √
169. Percussion grenades. I was partially deaf that night. √
170. Uh-huh √
171. I can‟t feel anything in these three fingers. √
172. You ever have trouble sleeping after? √
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100
174. Same. √
175. What do you expect? √
176. Why do I get the girl gun? √
177. No. √
178. We need a car. √
179. I was never in the Peace Corps. √
180. Maybe this honesty thing isn‟t such a good idea. √
181. Really? √
182. Art? √
183. OK. √
184. Baby, I‟ve never cooked a day in my life. I-Temp girls cooked. √
185. What? Shit. √
186. Baby, hold steady now! √
187. Hold still. √
188. Honey! Honey, let me drive. √
189. Move over. Move. I‟m the suburban housewife, sweetheart. You move. √
190. Go. √
191. They‟re bulletproof. √
192. That‟s better. That‟s much better. That‟s great. √
193. You‟re what‟s wrong with me. √
194. What‟s her name and social security number? √
195. John, my parents... They died when I was five. I‟m an orphan. √
196. Paid actor. √
197. I know. √
198. You got it? √
199. Any time. √
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101
201. This lying bitch? √
202. That was you? √
203. Right. Thanks for everything. √
204. 30 second window. I cut the power, you grab the kid. Simple and clean. Got it? √
205. Does it matter? √
205. OK. √
206. 312. √
207. Some were two at a time. √
208. Honey? √
209. I checked the perimeter. √
210. I‟m on the police bands. √
211. This is not my first time. √
212. All right. Turn left. Left, John. Left. √
213. Left, please. √
214. Just stay there and wait for my mark. √
215. Yeah, all right! Stay. Stay there, wait for my mark. I‟ll find It. Wait for my mark. Almost there. I don‟t know what happened. Just hold on.
√
216. John, what are you doing? What are you doing? √
217. All right! √
218. Shut up! Shut up! √
219. You didn‟t wait for my signal. You didn‟t wait for my signal. √
220. You deviated from the plan. √
221. The plan was not flawed. √
222. Organised. √
223. Your instincts set up every alarm in the building. √
224. No, it was The John Show. Half-assed. Like Christmas, like our anniversary, like the time you forgot to bring my mother‟s birthday present.
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102
225. The point is, You are always the first to break team. √
226. I want someone I can count on. √
227. OK, what is that supposed to mean? √
228. Well, you don‟t have to. Cos this isn‟t even a real marriage. √
229. Shut up! √
230. Wrap it up. √
231. Sorry. √
232. You were bait. √
233. You were bait or you are bait? √
234. One minute. √
235. My way out is a boat standing by in La Paz. √
236. So at least apart we know what the odds are. Let's just call this what it is. And what it isn‟t.
√
237. Well, thank you. √
238. Likewise, John. √
239. Sorry. √
240. Jesus! √
241. Yes, you did. √
242. Sorry about the knife in the... √
243. I‟ll fly. √
244. It‟s a piece of cake. √
245. Well, it rains a lot this time of year. There‟s nowhere I‟d rather be than right here, with you. Shut up.
√
246. Likewise. √
247. That‟s marriage, right? √
248. Oh, we redid the house. √
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103
250. So far. √
251. John. √