15 confidence is learned through process Goel, 2012. Besides, Klein 1986
confirms that adult learners are capable of improving pronunciation by practicing the speaking English. In the next section, the researcher wants to explain the
development of speaking ability.
b. Development of Speaking Ability
According to Harmer 1998, there are two elements of speaking. The first element is knowledge of language features and the second element is the ability to
process information. Knowledge of language features includes the ability to produce individual phoneme, to use fluent connected-speech, expresses devices,
lexical and grammar, and negotiation language. Then, the ability to produce information includes language processing, interacting with others, and on the spot
information processing. Willis 1981 suggests several activities that can be used to improve the
students’ speaking ability. They are conversation drill, using picture cues, imaginary situations, and role play. In this study, the researcher focuses on the
role play as the activity which can improve students’ speaking ability. A role play teaches the students to be confident in speaking in front of people. Teaching
speaking is the next section explained by the researcher.
c. Teaching Speaking
The goal of teaching speaking skill is to communicate efficiently. The students should be able to make themselves understood, using their current
16 proficiency to the fullest. They should try to avoid confusing in the message due
to faulty pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, and to observe the social cultural rules that apply in each communication situation Burnkart, 1998, p.2.
Rivers 1968 states the teaching of speaking skill is more demanding on the teacher than teaching of any other language skills. It is important to the
teachers to give an opportunity for students to practice speaking. Bailey Savage 1994 suggest five principles in teaching speaking, as follows:
1 Awareness of the differences between second language and foreign
language learning context
A foreign language is one where the target language is not the language of communication in society. The challenge of teaching speaking in the foreign
language learning context is that the students will not have many opportunities to use the target language outside the classroom because the target language is not
the language of communication in community. Meanwhile, the challenge of teaching speaking in second language learning is that language is the
communication language in society, the students’ speaking ability is quite good but sometimes their speech seems to stop developing when they still do some
language errors.
2 Giving students practice in fluency and accuracy
In the language learning, the students must develop their fluency and accuracy by using the opportunities to speak. To help them develop those things,
the teacher should minimize to interrupt them. The teacher should give them
17 feedback after finishing their speaking therefore the students could not be afraid
of speaking and making errors.
3 The importance of group work or pair work, and limiting teacher
talks
In teaching speaking, the teacher should limit the talking in front of the classroom. However, the teacher should give the opportunities for the students to
talk. Bailey Savage 1994 state that the pair works and group works activities can be used to increase the amount of time that the learners get to speak in the
target language during lessons. Therefore a pair work or a group work makes students learn to speak the language effectively.
4 Involving negotiation for meaning
The negotiation for meaning is the interaction to communicate in the target language in order to understand and to be understood. The teacher should provide
time which involves the process that is called negotiation for meaning.
5 Involving guidance and practice in both transactional and
interactional speaking
The difference between the transactional and interactional speaking is on the purpose. The purpose of the transactional is primarily on the meaning of the
message but the interactional speaking is focusing on maintaining and establishing social relationship. The next section will discuss the nature of role play.
3. Scripted Role Play
In this part, there are some theories related to scripted role play.
