Review of Related Studies

The table of the five types of metaphor as follows: Table 2. Types of Metaphor NO TYPES of METAPHOR EXPLANATION EXAMPLES 1 Dead Metaphor Expression which is still metaphorical by nature, but has been overused that it is commonly no longer perceived as metaphor Time is running out. 2 Stock or Cliché Metaphor A metaphor which has been established that could be understood easily even without any particular context You are my breath. 3 Adapted Metaphor A cultural and historical metaphor which has been readjusted to a new context The early bird catches the worm. a proverb 4 Recent Metaphor A new metaphor which has been widely used in general The world is a vampire. “Bullet with Butterfly Wings”, by Smashing Pumpkins 5 Original Metaphor A metaphor which is personal or invented for particular purpose based on certain context Gregor Samsa turning into in an insect in Kafka‟s Metamorphosis Compiled from Newmark 1981:86 3. Theory of Translation Strategies In his book, Newmark states that translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message andor statement in one language by the same message andor statement in another language 1981:7. In making this attempt, there are strategies which are employed. The strategies, in his explanation, could be categorized as methods and procedures. Methods deal with the whole text while procedures deal with smaller chunks of a text. In this undergraduate thesis, the concern is only over the methods. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI There are a total of eight methods in the table below. Four methods belong to the imitative translation while the other four belong to the functional communicative translation. The table as follows. Table 3. Methods of Translation NO METHODS EXPLANATION IMITATIVE TRANSLATION 1 Word-for-Word Translation Preserving the word order and translating the words by their most common meanings 2 Literal Translation Converting the grammatical constructions to the closest target language structure, but still translating them by their most common meanings 3 Faithful Translation Keeping precise contextual meaning of the source text within the constraints of the target language grammatical structure 4 Semantic Translation Similar to faithful translation, but taking more account of the aesthetic value of the source text FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION 1 Adaptation Adapating the source text culture to the target text culture and then rewriting the text 2 Free Translation Producing the translation without the style, form, or content of the source text 3 Idiomatic Translation Reproducing the message of the source text, but having a tendency to distort nuances of meaning by prefering colloquallism and idioms which do not exist in the source text 4 Communicative Translation Presenting the exact contextual meaning of the source text in a way both content and language are acceptable to the readers Compiled from Newmark 1988:81