Review of Related Studies
The table of the five types of metaphor as follows: Table 2. Types of Metaphor
NO TYPES of
METAPHOR EXPLANATION
EXAMPLES 1
Dead Metaphor
Expression which is still metaphorical by nature, but has
been overused that it is commonly no longer perceived
as metaphor Time is running out.
2 Stock or
Cliché Metaphor
A metaphor which has been established that could be
understood easily even without any particular context
You are my breath.
3 Adapted
Metaphor A cultural and historical
metaphor which has been readjusted to a new context
The early bird catches the worm.
a proverb 4
Recent Metaphor
A new metaphor which has been widely used in general
The world is a vampire. “Bullet with Butterfly
Wings”, by Smashing Pumpkins
5 Original
Metaphor A metaphor which is personal or
invented for particular purpose based on certain context
Gregor Samsa turning into in an insect in
Kafka‟s Metamorphosis Compiled from Newmark 1981:86
3. Theory of Translation Strategies
In his book, Newmark states that translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message andor statement in one language by the
same message andor statement in another language 1981:7. In making this attempt, there are strategies which are employed. The strategies, in his
explanation, could be categorized as methods and procedures. Methods deal with the whole text while procedures deal with smaller chunks of a text. In this
undergraduate thesis, the concern is only over the methods. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
There are a total of eight methods in the table below. Four methods belong to the imitative translation while the other four belong to the functional communicative
translation. The table as follows. Table 3. Methods of Translation
NO METHODS
EXPLANATION IMITATIVE TRANSLATION
1 Word-for-Word
Translation Preserving the word order and translating the words
by their most common meanings 2
Literal Translation Converting the grammatical constructions to the
closest target language structure, but still translating them by their most common meanings
3 Faithful
Translation Keeping precise contextual meaning of the source
text within the constraints of the target language grammatical structure
4 Semantic
Translation Similar to faithful translation, but taking more
account of the aesthetic value of the source text FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION
1 Adaptation
Adapating the source text culture to the target text culture and then rewriting the text
2 Free Translation
Producing the translation without the style, form, or content of the source text
3 Idiomatic
Translation Reproducing the message of the source text, but
having a tendency to distort nuances of meaning by prefering colloquallism and idioms which do not
exist in the source text 4
Communicative Translation
Presenting the exact contextual meaning of the source text in a way both content and language are
acceptable to the readers Compiled from Newmark 1988:81