Problem Formulation Objectives of the Study

2. Theories of Metaphor Keraf 1981:139 states that metaphor is an analogy. It is a direct comparison between two things which is expressed concisely. Metaphor, in its form, does not use attributes which act as the indication of comparison, such as like, as if, and as though. Keraf also explains that metaphor could also be positioned as predicate rather than only as subject and object. Metaphor, according to Keraf 1981:136 is under the heading of trope as opposed to rhetorical figures. It means that it is not a deviation of language, rather is a deviation of meaning. There are actually two other tropes which are in the same classification with metaphor. They are simile and personification. They could be classified as equally similar to metaphor since they all have the nature of comparison. Simile displays direct comparison between two things by using certain words, such as like, as if, as though. Meanwhile, personification specifies its comparison by attaching human qualities to other objects. This explanation is to point out the difference between them. The other theory of metaphor related to this study come from Peter Newmark. Newmark 1988:85 states that metaphor is a comparison between two or more apparently unrelated things or subjects. He argues that the purpose of this is to describe something more comprehensively and concisely and in a more complex way than by using literal language 1981: 84. He explains that in understanding metaphor, there are five terms which people have to be aware of. They are object, image, sense, metaphor, and metonym. Those five terms are essential. Here is the table of their definitions. Table 1. Terms in Comprehending Metaphor NO TERMS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES 1 Object The item which is described by the metaphor Rooting out the faults 2 Image The item in terms of which the object is described Rooting out the faults rooting up weeds 3 Sense The „point of similarity‟, which shows in what particular aspects the object and the image are similar Rooting out the faults a To eliminate b With tremendous personal effort 4 Metaphor The words taken from the image Rooting out the faults rooting out 5 Metonym A one-word image which replaces the object, which may later become a dead metaphor The „fin‟ of a motor cycle Source: Newmark 1981:85 However, the above mentioned terms are not the only thing which is essential in understanding metaphor. In further elaboration, Newmark also gives more details about a classification of metaphor. There are six types of them: dead metaphor, cliché, stock metaphor, adapted metaphor, recent metaphor, and original metaphor. The six of them are different in a way how they have been used. One important thing to notice is Newmark argues that for cliché and stock metaphor, they do not necessarily need to be distinguished. It is because they are overlapping, which means they range in common with each other. Many stock metaphors are clichés. That is why, in this research, they are identified as the same. It means there will be only five types of metaphors employed here.