D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid any misinterpretation of several terms, it is required and considered to be crucial to provide the definition of the terms used in this study.
Metaphor: A kind of analogy in the form of brief direct comparison
between two things Keraf, 1981: 139
Metaphor Translation Procedures: The procedures for translating
metaphors Newmark, 1981: 88
Strategy of Translation: A potentially conscious procedure for solving a
problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it Loescher, 1991:8 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
There are two related studies to be taken into account. The first one is an undergraduate thesis by Titis
Rasari 2011 entitled “A Study of A Translation of Metaphors in Gorge Bernard Shaw‟s Man and Superman into Indonesian in
Akhmad Santoso‟s Manusia Adimanusia” which discusses the metaphors found in the play. The discussion is focusing on three things: the accuracy, the strategies,
and the readability. Those three things underline the relevance of translation strategies to the readers‟ experience in reading the work. It shows how the proper
use of translation strategies in translating metaphors results in satisfying accuracy and readability. In other words, both the final product and the readers are brought
into focus in Rasari‟s study.
The second one is by Yoana Lengari 2012 entitled “The Accuracy, The
Acceptability, and Translation Strategies of Indonesian Metaphors Translation in Twilight
” which also discusses metaphors that, in her study, are found in a novel. The study is comparable to Rasari‟s. It also focuses on the application of
translation strategies to achieve an accurate result and its relation to how readers perceive the final product of the translation. The study shows that a reasonably
sufficient result of accuracy is parallel to the result in acceptability. It is to say since the finding of the study confirms that, despite the appropriate application of
the translation strategies, the translation is quite accurate and quite acceptable rather than accurate and acceptable.
Reviewing those two previous studies, this research attempts to focus only on the final product of a translation. This is where the difference between this
study and the other two studies lies. It has its emphasis upon how the process of translating metaphors works in order to see what the most essential element is in
translating metaphor.
B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Translation
In defining translation as a practice, the theory which is used in this study is Leonard Forster‟s. His theory could be found in Hanafi‟s book 1986. It is
stated that translation is the transference of the content of a text from one language into another, although we cannot always dissociate the content from the
form 1986:6. It could be seen that, according to him, form also matters. Bearing in mind that content is still the priority. This theory shows its relevance to the
characteristics of metaphor as elaborated in this study. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2. Theories of Metaphor Keraf 1981:139 states that metaphor is an analogy. It is a direct
comparison between two things which is expressed concisely. Metaphor, in its form, does not use attributes which act as the indication of comparison, such as
like, as if, and as though. Keraf also explains that metaphor could also be positioned as predicate rather than only as subject and object. Metaphor,
according to Keraf 1981:136 is under the heading of trope as opposed to rhetorical figures. It means that it is not a deviation of language, rather is a
deviation of meaning. There are actually two other tropes which are in the same classification
with metaphor. They are simile and personification. They could be classified as equally similar to metaphor since they all have the nature of comparison. Simile
displays direct comparison between two things by using certain words, such as like, as if, as though. Meanwhile, personification specifies its comparison by
attaching human qualities to other objects. This explanation is to point out the difference between them.
The other theory of metaphor related to this study come from Peter Newmark. Newmark 1988:85 states that metaphor is a comparison between two
or more apparently unrelated things or subjects. He argues that the purpose of this is to describe something more comprehensively and concisely and in a more
complex way than by using literal language 1981: 84. He explains that in understanding metaphor, there are five terms which people have to be aware of.