There are a total of eight methods in the table below. Four methods belong to the imitative translation while the other four belong to the functional communicative
translation. The table as follows. Table 3. Methods of Translation
NO METHODS
EXPLANATION IMITATIVE TRANSLATION
1 Word-for-Word
Translation Preserving the word order and translating the words
by their most common meanings 2
Literal Translation Converting the grammatical constructions to the
closest target language structure, but still translating them by their most common meanings
3 Faithful
Translation Keeping precise contextual meaning of the source
text within the constraints of the target language grammatical structure
4 Semantic
Translation Similar to faithful translation, but taking more
account of the aesthetic value of the source text FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION
1 Adaptation
Adapating the source text culture to the target text culture and then rewriting the text
2 Free Translation
Producing the translation without the style, form, or content of the source text
3 Idiomatic
Translation Reproducing the message of the source text, but
having a tendency to distort nuances of meaning by prefering colloquallism and idioms which do not
exist in the source text 4
Communicative Translation
Presenting the exact contextual meaning of the source text in a way both content and language are
acceptable to the readers Compiled from Newmark 1988:81
4. Theory of Metaphor Translation Procedures
Newmark proposes seven strategies to translate metaphor 1981:88. He believes that a translator attempts to render the metaphors as accurately as
possible. In order to do so, there are strategies which could be put into practice. Here is the table of the seven procedures along with examples for each procedure.
Table 4. Newmark‟s Metaphor Translation Procedures
NO PROCEDURES
EXAMPLES 1
Reproducing in the target text the same
image as in the source text
ST TT
You are the sun in my life.
Kau adalah matahari di hidupku.
2 Replacing the
source text image with another
compatible target text image
ST TT
You are the sun in my life.
Kau adalah nafasku.
3 Turning the
metaphor into a simile, but still
maintaing the same image
ST TT
You are the sun in my life.
Kau ibarat matahari di hidupku.
4 Turning the
metaphor into a simile along with
the sense ST
TT You are the sun in
my life. Seakan-akan kau
adalah sumber kehidupanku.
5 Turning the source
text image into its sense
ST TT
You are the sun in my life.
Kau membuatku hidup.
6 Deleting the
metaphor ST
TT You are the sun in
my life. -
7 Describing the
metaphor ST
TT You are the sun in
my life. Matahari adalah
sumber kehidupan; kau juga menjadi
sumber kehidupanku. Compiled from Newmark 1981:88
C. Theoretical Framework
As seen above, there are three major theories which are used in this research from which the perspective of the writer is put and developed. The first
one is the theories of metaphor. These theories are of paramount importance to this research. They become the foundamental stand of the whole research. The
theory of metaphor by Gorys Keraf provides a definition of what metaphor is. It is then used to collect the data from the source text novel. The theory of metaphor
by Peter Newmark is employed to understand the elements of metaphor and to justify the classification of each metaphorical sentence. In other words, these
theories are used as the standard of truth. The second one is the theory of translation strategies. They are used to see the general strategies applied in
translating the metaphorical sentences, which is followed by the the third one, the theories of metaphor translation procedures. This theory is the continuation of the
preceding theories. It is also to see the strategies applied in translating the metaphorical sentences, only within a more detailed and exact framework. It
specifies the process of metaphor translation which the source text undergoes. This all explains how all the theories alongside the related studies are required to
be taken into account in order to answer the questions of this research. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Areas of Research
Target-Language Oriented Translation Assessment This study is based on the relation between the translation and the target
language Chesterman, 2002:8. It studies how the translation works in the target language. The idea is to find a justifiable reason to regard the translation as fair in
one particular aspect. The one aspect of the text, which the writer refers to, is the metaphorical expressions. Although the focus relies upon the translation, this
study does involve an examination of the source text. It is done as textual reference.
B. Object of the Study
The thesis is about the translation of the metaphorical expressions from the source text to the target text. Therefore, the focus is on the target text. The data
which are collected, as the object of the study, are the sentences which contain metaphorical expressions in Supernova: The Knight, The Princess, and The
Falling Star. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
C. Method of the Study
The study used explicatory contrastive method in conducting the research. The Indonesian metaphorical expressions in Supernova: Ksatria, Putri, dan
Bintang Jatuh were contrasted to their translation in Supernova: The Knight, The Princess, and The Falling Star. It was then categorized as a qualitative research
and a library research. It was a qualitative research in which the data are descriptive in the analysis. It means the method generates result in words rather
than numbers and aims to understand one or some aspect in depth Brikci and Green, 2004:4. It was a library research in which the research was conducted by
performing a careful and sustained text-based analysis on the object of research Bricki, et al, 2004:9.
D. Research Procedure
1. Types of Data The data were categorized as objective data since they were taken from a
written text material. It was also due to the fact that the data were treated in a textual analysis to find out the translation strategies employed. This analysis most
ideally suited to this type of data, which signified why the data belong to this category. The writer managed to collect thirty sentences which contain
metaphorical expressions. In those thirty sentences, there are thirty one metaphorical expressions. It occurs since there is one sentence which contains two
metaphorical expressions. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2. Data Collection The data taken were sentences which contained metaphorical expressions
in every chapter of the novel. In order to collect them, the understanding of metaphor is paramount. The writer collected sentences which explicitly display
metaphorical expre ssions based on Keraf’s definition on metaphor 1981:139. It
was done by examining each sentence in the original text, finding the ones which contain metaphorical expressions, and finding their translation in the target text.
3. Population and Sample This study used using purposive sampling. The data taken were only the
particular ones which were considered to be appropriate and suitable for this study. All the data were matched with the content and context of the study. The
data population of this study was 30 data of sentences from the original text and the translation.
4. Data Analysis To answer the first problem, the metaphorical sentences in the source text
and target text were contrasted to find out what strategies were used in the translation process. To answer the second problem, the metaphorical sentences in
the source text and target text were contrasted one more time to determine what metaphor translation strategies were used in the translation process and whether
the type of each metaphor was changed into another type of metaphor. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
In general, there were four steps taken. Each one of them was considered to be sensible and carried out within certain frameworks as follows:
The first step was organizing all of the data that it would be easier to be explained systematically. As mentioned before, the data are the sentences which contain
metaphorical expressions. When they had been collected, to make it easier to read the metaphorical expression in each sentence was underlined. The second
step was contrasting and analyzing the source text and the target text to find out the translation strategies. The third step was contrasting and analyzing the source
text and the target text one more time to determine the metaphor translation procedures. The fourth step was determining whether there had been any changes
of metahpor types occured in the translation process. The first step wa
s performed by relying upon Keraf’s standard of truth on metaphor.
The second, third, and fourth step were performed by using Newmark’s framework for translation strategies, metaphor translation procedures, and types
of metaphors. The first two steps were to answer the first research question while the last two steps were to answer the second research question.
