Derivational Affixes Theoretical Framework

derivational affixes. This reflects a recognition of two principal word building process: inflectional and derivational Katamba, 1993: 47. Both are forming word in different ways. Inflectional is traditionally regarded as change in the grammatical or morphosytactic form of word lexeme. While, derivational is concerning with the formation of new lexeme by affixation Spencer, 1991: 193. In linguistic, derivation is formation of a new word or inflectional stem from another word or stem. Certain bound morphemes change the category of the words to which they are attached as these words: doubtful, establishment, darken, frighten and teacher. Derivational is used to form a new word, as with happiness and unhappy from happy or arrangement from arrange. A contrast is intended with process of inflection, which uses another kind of affix in order to form variants of the same word, likes determining, determined, and determines. Finnegan 2003:43 said that derivational morphemes produce new word from existing word in two ways. They can change the meaning of the words: true versus untrue: paint versus repaint. Or they can change a words lexical category: true is an adjective, truly an adverb, truth a noun. Katamba 1993:47 also explains that derivational morphemes form new words either: 1. By changing the meaning of the base to which they are attached, kind vsunkind. both are adjectives but with opposite meanings, or 2. By changing the word-class that a base belong to, e.g. the addition of -ly to the adjective kind produce the adverb kind -ly. As rule, it is possible to derive an adverbs by adding the suffix –lyto an adjectival base. The presence of a derivational affix causes a major grammatical change, involving moving the base from one word-class into another as in the case of –less which a noun into an adjective. In other cases, the change caused by derivational suffix may be minor. It may merely shift a base to a different sub-class within the same broader word-class. Mostly, the derivational morphemes are affixes. An affix is a morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or morpheme such as a root or stem or base Katamba, 1993: 44. On the other said affixes are morphemes that cannot stand alone or bound morphemes. English derivational adds morphemes principally by prefixing or suffixing. English derivational prefixes are added at the beginning of a word. English derivational prefixes typically change the meaning of a word but not its lexical category. There are many kinds of prefixes likes re-, un-, in-, dis-, mis-, ex-, en-, im-, il-, sub-, tele-, hyper-, neo-, inter-, kilo-, mega-, mini-, fore-, co-, bi-, auto-, counter-, anti-, poly-, under-, super- and etc. Some example of English derivational prefixes: Kinds of Prefix Prefix Class of the origin word Meaning Class of the new word Example In- Adj Not Adj Inaccurate Un- Adj Not Adj Unkind Un- V Reversive V Untie Dis- V Reversive V Discontinue Dis- N Not N Disorder Dis- Adj Not Adj Dishonest Dis- V Not V Disapprove Re- V Again V Rewrite Ex- N Former N Ex-mayor En Put N Encage English derivational suffixes are added to the tail end of a stem Finnegan, 2008: 46. Usually, derivational suffixes change the lexical category of the stem, for example the suffix –mentchange verb into noun government. But not every word can belonging to the lexical category with derivational process for example rust and book. There four kinds of derivational suffixes, they are derivational suffixes forming noun, derivational suffixes forming adjectives, derivational suffixes forming verb and derivational suffixes forming adverb. Some example of English derivational suffixes: Kinds of Suffix Suffix Class of the origin words Meaning Class of the new words Example -hood N Status N Childho od -ship N State or condition N Kingship -ness Adj Quality, state or condition N Kindnes s -ity Adj State or condition N Sincerity -ment V Result of doing the verb indicates N Govern ment -less N Without Adj Powerles s -ful N Having Adj Powerful -ic N Pertaining to Adj Democra tic -al V Pertaining to or act of N Refusal -er V Agent who does the verb indicates N Reader -ly Adv Manner Adv Kindly

2.3.7 Derivational process

Derivational process is the process by which affixes combine with roots to create new words. The basic function of derivational process is to enable the language user to make new lexemes. Lexemes belong to lexical categories such as Noun, Verb, and Adjective and derived lexemes may belong to a different category than their bases. Frank 1997 states that only nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs have derivational forms. In linguistics, a suffix also sometimes called a postfix or ending is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. A derivational suffix usually applies to words of one syntactic category and change them into words of another syntactic category. Therefore, derivational suffix is a suffix which can change the function and meaning of word. Examples of English derivational process and their suffixes:  Adjective-to-noun: -ness slow → slowness  adjective-to-verb: -ise modern → modernize  adjective-to-adjective: -ish red → reddish  adjective-to-adverb: -ly personal → personally  noun-to-adjective: -al recreation → recreational  noun-to-verb: -fy glory → glorify  verb-to-adjective: -able drink → drinkable  verb-to-noun: -ance deliver → deliverance  verb-to-noun: -er write → writer Although derivational affixes do not necessarily alter the syntactic category, they do change the meaning of the base. In many cases, derivational affixes change both the syntactic category and the meaning e.g. modern → modernize In derivational process there two processes, they are class-maintaining derivation and class-changing derivation. Bauer 1983: 33 also states that derivation is sometime also subdivided into class-maintaining derivation and class-changing derivation. Class-maintaining derivation is the derivation of new lexemes which are the same form class part of speech as the base from which they are formed, whereas class-maintaining derivation produces lexemes which belong to different form classes from their bases.

2.3.7 Class-Maintaining Derivational Suffixes

In maintaining class of words, the derivational suffixes are used to create new lexemes by causing a shift in the grammatical sub-class of a word without moving it into a new word class Katamba, 1993:50. On the other word, class