Affixation: prefixes and suffixes

base with or without a change of word class 1973: 430. An affix is a bound morpheme which may be attached at the beginning or end of a base word. In this case, as affix is a morpheme, with only occurs when attached to some other morpheme, or morphemes such as root of stem or base. It is a morpheme that cannot stand alone or bound morphemes. The process of affixation in morphology can be divided into: a. Prefixes A prefix is as affix attached before a root or stem or base like re-, un-, and in-. Katamba, 1993:44 b. Suffixes A suffixes is as affixes attached after a root or stem or base like –ly,-er, - ist, -s, -ing, and –ed. Katamba, 1993:44 c. Infixes An infixes is an affix inserted into the root itself. Katamba, 1993:44 Based on the above definition, here are the examples: 1. Playing chess is enjoyable Quirk et al, 1973: 247 2. A trade arrangement should be no problem, and similarly a cultural exchange could be arranged Quirk et al, 1973: 247 3. This exhibition will be open until the end of May Thomson, 1986: 23 4. He found impossible to study at home Thomson, 1986: 42 Enjoyable in the example number 1 is the word formed through affixation. It is derived from the verb base enjoy with the addition of suffix –able. The result of the process is the adjective enjoyable. This means that this word got class-changing suffixation. Exchange in the example number 2 is the noun which is formed through affixation. This word derived from the verb base change with the addition of prefix ex-. So we can consider that the word exchange got class-changing prefixation. However, the word exhibition in the example number 3 is the word formed through affixation. It is derived from the noun exhibit with the addition of suffix –ion. The result of this process is the noun exhibition. It means that this word got class-maintaining suffixation. And lastly, the word impossible in the example number 4. This word is adjective that is formed through affixation. This word is derived from the adjective base possible with the addition of prefix im-. Therefore, we can consider the word Impossible to be class-maintaining prefixation.

2.3.5 Root, Stem, Base

Root, stem, and base are all of the terms that used in the literature to designate that part of words that remains when all affixes have been removed. Bauer states that a root is a form that is not further analysable, either in the terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. It is a part of word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. A root is the basic part always present in a lexeme. In the form untouchable, for example, the root touch, to which first the suffix-able, then the prefix un- and finally the suffix-s have been added. bauer, 1983:20. In addition, roots tends to have core meaning which is some way modified by the affixes Katamba, 1993:42 Bauer states that a stem is concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional but not derivational affixes are added to it and it is also the part of the word form that remains when all the inflectional affixes have been removed. In the form untouchables the stem is untouchable; although in the form touched, the stem is touch. In the form wheelchairs, the stem is wheelchair, even though the stem contains two roots 1983:20. In addition, according to Katamba 1993:45 the stem is existence before any inflectionalaffixes i.e. those affixes whose presence is required by the syntax such as markers of singular and plural number in nouns, tense in verb, etc. have been added. In addition, according to Bauer, the term base is defined as any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. This mean that any root or any stem can be termed as a base, but the set of bases is not exhausted by the union of the set of roots and the set of stems: a derivational analyzeable form to which derivational affixes are added can only be referred to as a base. For example, touchable can act as a base for prefixation to give untouchable. However, in this process touchable could not be referred as a root because it is analyzable in the terms of derivational morphology, nor as a stem since it is not the adding of inflectional affix which is in question 1983:21. The affixes attached to the a base may be: inflectional affixes selected for syntactic reasons and derivational affixes which alter the meaning or grammatical category of the base Katamba, 1993:45.

2.3.6 Derivational Affixes

Affixation as one of the morphological process in word formation can be divided into two major functional categories, namely inflectional affixes and