Derivational Suffixes in Bhagavad-Gita.

DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES IN

BHAGAVAD-GITA

GOPALA PRASADA 1218351012

NON REGULAR PROGRAM

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

2016

ACKNOLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to express my greatest gratitude to beloved God (Krishna) for the greatest blessing for me so that finally I am able to finish this thesis. I realized without His blessing, I would not be able to finish this thesis in time.

On this occasion, I would like to express my great gratitude to Drs. I NyomanUdayana, M.Lit.,Ph.D. as the first supervisor and I NyomanAryawibawa, S.S., M.A., Ph.D. as the second supervisor, as both my first and second supervisor always support, guide, advice, and by the patience to help me during the process of writing my thesis.

Finally, I sincerely express my thanks to my beloved family Bapak I Ketutsutama,Ibu Ni NyomanSuwini, Ni Putu Sri Radha Rani, andmy twin brother Gowinda Prasada. Besides, thanks for fellow student who have helped me in one way to find the data and my friends that cannot be mentioned here one by one who always support, motivate and encourage me.

Realizing that this thesis is still far from perfect; therefore, constructive criticism and suggestions will be highly accepted for the betterment of this thesis. I hope this thesis is useful for everyone.

Denpasar, March 2016

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “The Analysis of Derivational Suffixes in Bhagavad-gita”. This thesis discussed the process of word formation of English in morphology. The problems were focussed finding and identifying the kinds and

the process of derivational suffixes found in book “Bhagavad-gita”.

The data source of this thesis was taken from a Vedic religious book

“Bhagavad-gitaAs It Is” by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada which was printed in 1972. The research method of this thesis used qualitative research. In collecting data, it was done by selecting randomly some texts of chapter one from the book, reading intensively, and finding and taking notes of the related data. In analyzing data, it was done by classifying based on the kinds of the derivational suffixes and it was continued by analyzing the derivational process. Theory of

“word formation” in morphology was used in this thesis that was proposed by

Katamba (1993) and Bauer (1983). In presenting data, to answer the first problem,

the theory of “word formation” was applied to determine the kinds derived words that are formed by derivational process, in the second problem, process of the derivational suffixes were shown through morphological description. They are shown in bold, italic, and underlined forms.

Based on the result of the analysis it was shown that the derivational suffixes were found from data source were namely class-maintaining derivational suffixes and class-changing derivational suffixes. Totally, there are twenty-four suffixes that are attached to the base to form new words. The form of suffixes found are category of maintaining word class of the base: Suffix -ess, -hood, and – ship. Meanwhile, the form of suffixes found are category of changing word class of the base: derivational suffixes forming nouns (suffix –ation, -er/or, -ment, -ness, -dom, -ity, -ion, -y, -ence/-ance, -ician), derivational suffixes forming adjectives (suffix -al, –ful, -less, -ish, -able, -ous, -ative, -ate, -ant/-ent), derivational suffixes forming verbs (suffix-ize), and derivational suffixes forming adverbs (suffix –ly). They are formed through derivational suffix process.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

N : Noun V : Verb Adj : Adjective Adv : Adverb

→ : Becomes + : Added

TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER ... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ii

ABSTRACTS ... iii

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of Thesis ... 1

2.1Problems of Thesis ... 3

3.1Aims of Thesis ... 3

4.1Scope of Thesis ... 3

5.1Research Method ... 4

5.1.1 . Data Source ... 4

5.1.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ... 5

5.1.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ... 5

5.1.4 Method and Technique of Presenting Analysis ... 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1Literature Review ... 6

2.2Concepts ... 8

CHAPTER III THE ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES

3.1Introduction ... 26

3.2Kinds of derivational suffixes ... 26

3.3The Process of Derivational Suffixes ... 27

3.3.1 Class-Maintaining Derivational Suffixes ... . 27

3.3.2 Class-Changing Derivational Suffixes ... 30

3.3.2.1 Derivational Suffixes Forming Nouns ... 30

3.3.2.2 Derivational Suffixes Forming Adjectives ... 45

3.3.2.3 Derivational Suffixes Forming Verbs... 57

3.3.2.4 Derivational Suffixes Forming Adverbs ... 59

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION Conclusion ... 62

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Word is the smallest chunk of meaningful language, a unit made up only of individually meaningless sounds (if spoken) or letters (if written) (Mullany and Stockwell, 2002:6). An even more basic unit, the morpheme, serves as the element from which words are built. There are various types of morphemes in human language, including roots, affixes, prefixes, suffixes and infixes, inflectional affixes, derivational affixes and free and bound morphemes for

example, “player”. This word consists of the meaningful part that is “play” and suffix ‘-er’. The study about word formation in English is discussed in Morphology.

In a morphological study, the process to produce a new word form can be found in the derivation process. It is a process by which affixes (prefix or suffix) combine with roots to create new words. Katamba (1993 : 50) states that derivation affixes are used to create a new lexeme. For example “consideration”,

this word is a form of derivational with the base word is “consider”. It is a verbal

form and added with suffix “-ation”, it changes the form to be a noun,

“consideration”.

According to Katamba, derivational affixes bring about a shift in the grammatical class of a base as well as possible change in meaning (Katamba, 1993: 50). English derivational suffixes are added to the tail end of a stem

(Finnegan, 2008 : 46). Usually derivational suffixes change the lexical category of the stem, for example the suffix –mentchange verb into noun (government). Derivational words can be found in written texts such as newspaper, magazine, novel, short story, textbook.

A book is a written text that contains much information and knowledge. Book can be classified based on its content such as short stories, religious books, history book, novel, etc. Bhagavad-gita is one of Vedic religious books. It is a Hindu scripture that is essence of Vedic knowledge and one of the most important Upanisads in Vedic literature. The language in this book is very clear so the readers can understand the information clearly. The book tells about the Hindu epic Mahabharata, a dialogue between prince Arjuna and his intimate friend Krishna. This book has been read by many people in whole world. The contents of Bhagavad-gita are interesting and important because they describe moral and how to know Godhead. In the contents of this book, many derivational words can be found. Based on the description above, it is interesting to analyse texts that is found in the book because many derivational words can be found.

The English derivation process is the method to enrich the vocabulary and knowledge about derivational morphemes, especially derivational suffixes of English words. The understanding of a derivational process can be used for an English language activity, for example to write a journal, an article, an essay, etc. and daily conversations. That is why the derivational suffixes are important and interesting to analyse. Based on description above, this study is focused on

discussing the derivational suffixes that found in “Bhagavad-gita” which is printed in 1972.

2.1 Problem of Study

From the background of the study,the research problems can be formulated as follows:

1. What kinds of derivational suffixes are found in “Bhagavad-gita”? 2. How does the derivational process occur in “Bhagavad-gita”?

3.1Aims of the Study .

Based on the problem of study, the aims of study are:

1. To identify and classify the kinds of the English derivational suffixes

found in “Bhagavad-gita”.

2. To analyse and describe the derivational process occurs in “ Bhagavad-gita”.

4.1 Scope of Discussion

In this study, the discussion will be limited in order to get the points of study and avoid the uncontrolled discussion. The study is concentrated on some

texts in chapter I of book “Bhagavad-gita”. Some texts that are chosen namely text 1, text 2, text 3, text 10, text 15, text 31, text 43 and text 44. This study discusses the kinds of the English derivational suffixes in lexical items in book

“Bhagavad-gita” and the process of English words added by derivational

suffixes in “Bhagavad-gita”. The data are analysed based on theories of how new words are formed as derivations in morphology.

5.1 Research Method

In making a scientific writing, a methodology is the important factor that should be used as guide by researcher. It is a set of procedures in the systematic study that are applied within a discipline. Methodology consist of the data source, the method and technique of collecting data, method and technique of analysing data, and method and technique of presenting analysis.

5.1.1 Data Source

In this research, Bhagavad-gitaAs It Is by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada is used as the data source. It is published by The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, Mumbai and printed at Rekha Printers in 1972. It is a Vedic religious book that tells about the Hindu epic Mahabharata, a dialogue between prince Arjuna and his charioteer Krishna. Bhagavad-Gita is published in many languages including English, Sanskrit, French, Indonesian, Spanish, and many other languages. It is popular book in whole of world. The content of the book is very interesting because it describes about moral and how to know Personality of Godhead and in the content of this book, there are many derivational morphemes form new word can be found so it is relevant to the topic of the study.

5.1.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data

The data in this study are collected by using method of documentation. Documentation method is the use of outside sources, documents, to support the viewpoint or argument of an academic work. The collecting of the English

suffixes in “Bhagavad-gita” is done with following steps. First, some texts of

chapter one are selected randomly from book “Bhagavad-gita”. Second, all selected texts are read intensively. Third, finding and taking notes of the related data.

5.1.3 Method and Technique of Analysing Data

The data are analyzed qualitatively based on theory of “word formation” in morphology stated by Katamba (1993) and Bauer (1983) to analyse the derivation words that is found in the texts. All the data are classified based on the kinds of the derivational suffix. The analysis are continued by analyzing the derivational process.

5.1.4 Method and Technique of Presenting Analysis

This study used descriptive method in presenting the analysis. First, in order to answer the first problem, the theory of “word formation” will be applied to determine the kinds of derived words that are formed by derivational process. Finally, in the second problem, process of the derivational suffixes are showed through morphological description. They are shown in bold, italic, and underline forms. As a result, the readers can understand it easily.

CHAPTER II

RIVEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Literature Review

In this chapter, some previous researches are reviewed in order to get a deeper understanding in analysing derivational suffix in general. It is important to reconsider several studies and undergraduate theses which had been written previously and correlated with the topic.

The first previous research was done by Devita (2009) entitled “The Derivational Suffix with Special Reference to Hemingway‟s The Old Man the Sea”. The aim of the research is to identify and analyse the function and meaning of derivational suffixes, which are found in the Drama “The Old Man and The Sea by Earnest Hemingway. The theory used is proposed by Katamba (1993) combined with the theory of derivation proposed by Bauer (1983). The analysis in this thesis shows that there are many adjectives suffixes that were found in the novel entitled The Old Man the Sea by Ernest Hemingway‟s. They are called as derived word because they are formed by derivational process.

The second previous research was done by Saputra (2011) entitled The Morphological Process on Adjective Formation in “The Washington Club A Cliff

Hardy Novel” by Peter Corris. The aim of the research is to identify the types of

classes which can change into adjective through those processes are found in a

novel “The Washington Club A Cliff Hardy Novel” and to explain the functions

of morphological process which occur in adjectives found in a novel. The theory used is proposed by Katamba (1993), McCarthy and Quirk (1993). According to analyses can be can be concluded that there are two types of morphological processes in English adjective formation namely derivation and inflectional process. The function of morphological process occur in adjective formation is to create new words by modifying the meaning of the base without changing its grammatical category (class maintaining) or by modifying the meaning and the grammatical category of the base (class changing).

Third previous research was done by Tanjung (2015) entitled

“Morphological Process of Derivational Noun in Mahligai Magazine”. The aims

of the study are to find types of morphological process occurring in noun in the magazine entitled Mahligai and to analyse the functions of morphological processes depending on its type. The theory used is proposed by Matthew (1991). According to analyses, the result of this study is the types of morphological process and English nouns word which added trough derivational process change the meaning of word and change the class of some words.

The journal was done by Musakarentitled Processes of Derivational Affixes of Lamaholot Language Mostly Used in East Solor Sub – District East Flores Regency. The aim of the article is to report the processes of derivational affixes of Lamaholot language spoken by community in East Solor sub district. The theory used is proposed by Haspelmath (2002: 1) dealing with internal

structure of words, by Bauer (1988:73) in Ermanto (2007: 26-27) dealing with derivational and inflectional morphology, O‟grady (2001: 133-134) talking about morphemes and bound morphemes. The main reference is of Katamba (1999) that explains much theory of morphology. Based on the data, this journal reports six prefixes and three infixes that function to form derivations, that is noun and adjective derivations. Meanwhile, the verb derivation is not found in Lamaholot language. Phonologically, there is an extensive presence of nasal sounds: /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/, as a result of phonological changes of affixes and their roots.

In general, the previous reviews are relevant with this research and can be used as references because the researches above have same discussion namely, analysis derivational morpheme. Besides, this research uses similar theory. The differences between this research and previous researches are the data source. This research uses book Bhagavad-gita As It Is as data source of study.

2.2Concepts

In giving more understanding about the topic discussed in this study, there are some basic concepts to be described that have relation with derivational suffixes.

2.2.1 Derivation

According to Bauer (1983:33), derivation is concerned with the formation of new lexemes by affixation. Sometimes, derivation is also subdivision into class-maintaining derivation and class-changing derivation. Class-maintaining

derivation is derivation of new lexemes which are of the same form class (part of speech) as the base from which they are formed, whereas class-changing derivation produce lexemes which belong to different classes from their bases.

Katamba (1993:50) states that derivational affixes are used to create new lexemes by either; modifying significantly the meaning of the base to which they are attached, without necessarily changing the grammatical category; or they bring about a shift in the grammatical class of a base as well as possible changing in meaning; or they may cause a shift in the grammatical sub-class of word without moving it into a new word class.

2.2.2 Word

Matthews (1997:37) states that a words is the smallest units that make up a sentence, and marked as such in writing. Word is unit of language that comes meaning and consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together and has a phonetically value, typically a word will consist of root or stem and zero or more affixes word can be combine to create phrase, clause, and sentence.

There are eight word class categories in English. They are verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. But the fact, derivational affixes can be attached only in three word class categories such as noun, verb and adjective class in order to produce nouns, adjectives, adverb, and verbs.

2.2.3 Morphological Process

According to Matthews (1991:125) morphological process is a mean of changing a base to adjust its meaning to fit its syntactic and communicated context. Morphological processes alter the base to derive new words. They may

change the word‟s meaning (derivational) or its grammatical functions

(inflectional).

According to Katamba (1994:59), derivation process is the process of creating new lexemes from other lexemes. Thus, the process of how a new word

can be formed is named derivation, for example words „beauty-fy‟ and „beauty-ful‟ derive from beauty.

Derivation is sometime also subdivided into class-maintaining derivation and class-changing derivation. Class maintaining process of derivation produces new lexemes which belong to the same form class as the base, whereas class-changing derivation is producing lexemes which belong to different word classes from their classes.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

The main theory that is applied in this study is the “Theory of word formation” by France Katamba (1993) and Laurie Bauer (1983). Katamba states

that Derivational affixes are used to create new lexeme by either; (i) modifying significantly the meaning of the base to which they are attached, without necessary changing its grammatical category; or (ii) bring about a shift in the

grammatical class of a base as well as possible changing in meaning; or (iii) they may cause a shift in the grammatical sub-class of a word without moving it into a word class (Katamba, 1993:50)

2.3.1 Morphology

“Morphology as a branch of linguistic deals with the internal structure of

word-form” (Bauer, 1983:13). Morphology can be divided into two main branches such as inflectional morphology and word-formation. Inflectional morphology deals with the various form of lexemes, while the word-formation deals with the formation of new lexemes from given bases. Word-formation can be subdivided into derivation and compounding (or composition). Derivation is concerned with the formation of new lexemes from two or more potential stems. Sometimes, derivation is also subdivided into class-maintaining derivation and class-changing derivation. Class-maintaining derivation is the derivation of new lexemes which are the same form as the base which they are formed, whereas class-changing derivation produces lexemes which belong to different classes from their classes and their bases.

2.3.2 Morpheme

As part of linguistics, morphology is also categorized as a sub branch of linguistics that deals with the internal structure of word. The basic unit of analysis recognized in morphology are morphemes. There are many definitions about morphemes given by linguists. Katamba in his book entitled Modern Linguistic Morphology defines morpheme as smallest different in the shape of word that

correlates with the smallest difference in word or sentence meaning or in grammatical structure (1993:24).

Fromkin also states that a morpheme is defined as the minimal linguistic sign, a grammatical unit that is an arbitrary union of sound and meaning that cannot be further analysed, for example:

 One morpheme Boy

Desire

 Two morphemes Boy + ish

Desir (e) + able

 Three morphemes Boy + ish + ness

Desir (e) + abil + ity

 Four morphemes Gentle + men + li + ness

Un + desir (e) + abil + ity

 More than four morphemes Un + gentle + man + li + ness

Anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + ism (some

speakers would perceive

several morphemes in

„establish‟). 2.3.3 Kinds of Morpheme

According to Bauer, morpheme are categorized into two parts namely, free morphemes and bound morphemes. First the words are called free morphemes

because they can stand on their own as fully fledged words, they can also be a word-form. Katamba (1993: 41) also states, many words contain a root standing on its own. Roots which are capable of standing independently are called free morpheme. The free morpheme are lexical morphemes such as nouns, adjectives, verbs, preposition or adverbs. For example: man, far, cook, gentle, desire, dog, hot, judge, boy, car, etc.

Second words are called bound morphemes because they can only survive meaningfully by being attached to free morphemes (e.g.ly, ing, ise, action, -less, non-, co- and so on). According to Bauer in his book entitled English Word Formation, bound morpheme is a morpheme that can only occur in a word form in conjunction with at last one other morph. Thus, in the word form blenders. Blend

canoccur in isolation as a word form and it is called free morpheme, while –er and –s can only occur if they are attached to the other morph and they are called bound morpheme (Bauer, 1985: 17).

We can say that all affixes (prefixes and suffixes) in English are bound morphemes. The free morphemes can generally be identified as the set of separate English word forms such as basic nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc. when free morphemes are used with bound morphemes attached, the basic word form are technically known as stems.

2.3.4 Affixation: prefixes and suffixes

The process affixation in morphology can be divided into prefixation and suffixation. Quirk et al states that affixation is adding a prefix or a suffix to the

base with or without a change of word class (1973: 430). An affix is a bound morpheme which may be attached at the beginning or end of a base word. In this case, as affix is a morpheme, with only occurs when attached to some other morpheme, or morphemes such as root of stem or base. It is a morpheme that cannot stand alone or bound morphemes. The process of affixation in morphology can be divided into:

a. Prefixes

A prefix is as affix attached before a root or stem or base like re-, un-, and in-. (Katamba, 1993:44)

b. Suffixes

A suffixes is as affixes attached after a root or stem or base like –ly,er, -ist, -s, -ing, and –ed. (Katamba, 1993:44)

c. Infixes

An infixes is an affix inserted into the root itself. (Katamba, 1993:44) Based on the above definition, here are the examples:

1. Playing chess is enjoyable (Quirk et al, 1973: 247)

2. A trade arrangement should be no problem, and similarly a cultural exchange could be arranged (Quirk et al, 1973: 247)

3. This exhibition will be open until the end of May (Thomson, 1986: 23) 4. He found impossible to study at home (Thomson, 1986: 42)

Enjoyable in the example number (1) is the word formed through affixation. It is derived from the verb base enjoy with the addition of suffix –able.

The result of the process is the adjective enjoyable. This means that this word got class-changing suffixation. Exchange in the example number (2) is the noun which is formed through affixation. This word derived from the verb base change

with the addition of prefix ex-. So we can consider that the word exchange got class-changing prefixation. However, the word exhibition in the example number (3) is the word formed through affixation. It is derived from the noun exhibit with the addition of suffix –ion. The result of this process is the noun exhibition. It means that this word got class-maintaining suffixation. And lastly, the word

impossible in the example number (4). This word is adjective that is formed through affixation. This word is derived from the adjective base possible with the addition of prefix im-. Therefore, we can consider the word Impossible to be class-maintaining prefixation.

2.3.5 Root, Stem, Base

Root, stem, and base are all of the terms that used in the literature to designate that part of words that remains when all affixes have been removed. Bauer states that a root is a form that is not further analysable, either in the terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. It is a part of word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. A root is the basic part always present in a lexeme. In the form untouchable, for example, the root touch, to which first the suffix-able, then the prefix un- and finally the suffix-s have been added. (bauer, 1983:20). In addition, roots tends to have core meaning which is some way modified by the affixes (Katamba, 1993:42)

Bauer states that a stem is concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it and it is also the part of the word form that remains when all the inflectional affixes have been removed. In the form untouchables the stem is untouchable; although in the form touched, the stem is touch. In the form wheelchairs, the stem is wheelchair, even though the stem contains two roots (1983:20). In addition, according to Katamba (1993:45) the stem is existence before any inflectionalaffixes (i.e. those affixes whose presence is required by the syntax such as markers of singular and plural number in nouns, tense in verb, etc.) have been added.

In addition, according to Bauer, the term base is defined as any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. This mean that any root or any stem can be termed as a base, but the set of bases is not exhausted by the union of the set of roots and the set of stems: a derivational analyzeable form to which derivational affixes are added can only be referred to as a base. For example, touchable can act as a base for prefixation to give untouchable. However, in this process touchable could not be referred as a root because it is analyzable in the terms of derivational morphology, nor as a stem since it is not the adding of inflectional affix which is in question (1983:21). The affixes attached to the a base may be: inflectional affixes selected for syntactic reasons and derivational affixes which alter the meaning or grammatical category of the base (Katamba, 1993:45).

2.3.6 Derivational Affixes

Affixation as one of the morphological process in word formation can be divided into two major functional categories, namely inflectional affixes and

derivational affixes. This reflects a recognition of two principal word building process: inflectional and derivational (Katamba, 1993: 47). Both are forming word in different ways. Inflectional is traditionally regarded as change in the grammatical or morphosytactic form of word (lexeme). While, derivational is concerning with the formation of new lexeme by affixation (Spencer, 1991: 193).

In linguistic, derivation is formation of a new word or inflectional stem from another word or stem. Certain bound morphemes change the category of the words to which they are attached as these words: doubtful, establishment, darken, frighten and teacher. Derivational is used to form a new word, as with happiness and unhappy from happy or arrangement from arrange. A contrast is intended with process of inflection, which uses another kind of affix in order to form variants of the same word, likes determining, determined, and determines.

Finnegan (2003:43) said that derivational morphemes produce new word from existing word in two ways. They can change the meaning of the words: true versus untrue: paint versus repaint. Or they can change a words lexical category: true is an adjective, truly an adverb, truth a noun. Katamba (1993:47) also explains that derivational morphemes form new words either:

1. By changing the meaning of the base to which they are attached,

kindvsunkind. (both are adjectives but with opposite meanings), or

2. By changing the word-class that a base belong to, e.g. the addition of -ly to the adjective kind produce the adverb kind -ly. As rule, it is possible to derive an adverbs by adding the suffix–lyto an adjectival base.

The presence of a derivational affix causes a major grammatical change, involving moving the base from one word-class into another as in the case of –less which a noun into an adjective. In other cases, the change caused by derivational suffix may be minor. It may merely shift a base to a different sub-class within the same broader word-class.

Mostly, the derivational morphemes are affixes. An affix is a morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or morpheme such as a root or stem or base (Katamba, 1993: 44). On the other said affixes are morphemes that cannot stand alone or bound morphemes. English derivational adds morphemes principally by prefixing or suffixing.

English derivational prefixes are added at the beginning of a word. English derivational prefixes typically change the meaning of a word but not its lexical category. There are many kinds of prefixes likes re-, un-, in-, dis-, mis-, ex-, en-, im-, il-, sub-, tele-, hyper-, neo-, inter-, kilo-, mega-, mini-, fore-, co-, bi-, auto-, counter-, anti-, poly-, under-, super- and etc.

Some example of English derivational prefixes:

Kinds of Prefix

Prefix Class of the

origin word

Meaning Class of the

new word

Example

In- Adj Not Adj Inaccurate

Un- Adj Not Adj Unkind

Dis- V Reversive V Discontinue

Dis- N Not N Disorder

Dis- Adj Not Adj Dishonest

Dis- V Not V Disapprove

Re- V Again V Rewrite

Ex- N Former N Ex-mayor

En Put N Encage

English derivational suffixes are added to the tail end of a stem (Finnegan, 2008: 46). Usually, derivational suffixes change the lexical category of the stem, for example the suffix –mentchange verb into noun (government). But not every word can belonging to the lexical category with derivational process for example rust and book. There four kinds of derivational suffixes, they are derivational suffixes forming noun, derivational suffixes forming adjectives, derivational suffixes forming verb and derivational suffixes forming adverb.

Some example of English derivational suffixes: Kinds of Suffix

Suffix Class of the

origin words

Meaning Class of the

new words

Example

-hood N Status N Childho

od

-ship N State or

condition

N Kingship

-ness Adj Quality, state

or condition

N Kindnes

s

-ity Adj State or

condition

N Sincerity

-ment V Result of

doing the verb indicates

N Govern

ment

s

-ful N Having Adj Powerful

-ic N Pertaining to Adj Democra

tic

-al V Pertaining to

or act of

N Refusal

-er V Agent who

does the verb indicates

N Reader

-ly Adv Manner Adv Kindly

2.3.7 Derivational process

Derivational process is the process by which affixes combine with roots to create new words. The basic function of derivational process is to enable the language user to make new lexemes. Lexemes belong to lexical categories such as Noun, Verb, and Adjective and derived lexemes may belong to a different category than their bases. Frank (1997) states that only nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs have derivational forms.

In linguistics, a suffix (also sometimes called a postfix or ending) is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. A derivational suffix usually applies to words of one syntactic category and change them into words of another syntactic category. Therefore, derivational suffix is a suffix which can change the function and meaning of word.

Examples of English derivational process and their suffixes:

 Adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness)  adjective-to-verb: -ise (modern → modernize)  adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish)

 adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → personally)  noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation → recreational)  noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify)

 verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)  verb-to-noun: -ance (deliver → deliverance)  verb-to-noun: -er (write → writer)

Although derivational affixes do not necessarily alter the syntactic category, they do change the meaning of the base. In many cases, derivational affixes change both the syntactic category and the meaning (e.g. modern → modernize)

In derivational process there two processes, they are class-maintaining derivation and class-changing derivation. Bauer (1983: 33) also states that derivation is sometime also subdivided into class-maintaining derivation and class-changing derivation. Class-maintaining derivation is the derivation of new lexemes which are the same form class (part of speech) as the base from which they are formed, whereas class-maintaining derivation produces lexemes which belong to different form classes from their bases.

2.3.7 Class-Maintaining Derivational Suffixes

In maintaining class of words, the derivational suffixes are used to create new lexemes by causing a shift in the grammatical sub-class of a word without moving it into a new word class (Katamba, 1993:50). On the other word, class

maintaining suffixes are the suffix which do not change the class of the base. When the suffix attached to the base then the result is to have the same form of the base class. Primarily, according to Bauer (1984:220), there are number of suffix that can be used in this category, they are:

1. –ess (lion → lioness)

2. –ette (kitchen → kitchenette) 3. –hood (man → manhood) 4. –ism (patriot → patriotism) 5. –ship (kin → kinship)

2.3.8 Class-Changing Derivational Suffixes

In changing class of words, derivational suffix bring about a shift in the grammatical class of a base as possible changing in meaning (Katmba, 1993:50). According to form class of derivatives that they produce, suffixes are classified into: suffixes forming noun, suffixes forming verbs, suffixes forming adjectives and suffixes forming adverbs (Bauer, 1983:220).

(a) Derivational suffixes forming nouns

Suffix forming noun is a suffix which is added at the end of the base and changes the base into noun. In other word, the suffix is placed in the end of the base and from this combination produces a new lexeme. In English, there are some suffixes that can be used in forming nouns from verb and adjective base form. They are:

1. –ation (categorize → categorization) 2. –ure (close → closure)

3. –al (arrive → arrival) 4. –er/-or (kill → killer)

5. –ment (manage → management) 6. –cy (excellent →excellency) 7. –ness (happy → happiness) 8. –dom (free → freedom) 9. –th (warm → warmth)

10.–ity (masculine → masculinity) 11.–ee (employ →employee) 12.–ant (account → accountant) 13.–ion (invent → invention) 14.–y (injure → injury) 15.–age (carry →carriage)

16.–ance/-ence (assist →assistance)

Note: Suffix –al has two function, to form noun from verb base and to form adjectives from noun base. Suffix –y also has two functions, to form noun from verbs or adjectives base and to forms adjectives from noun bases.

(b) Derivational suffixes forming verbs

In English, there are three types of suffixes that belong to suffixes forming verb. They are suffix –ify, suffix –ize and suffix –en.

For example:

1. –ify (pure → purify)

2. –ize (hospital → hospitalize) 3. –en (white → whiten)

Note: Suffix –en has two functions, to form verb from adjectives and to form adjective from noun base.

(c) Derivational suffixes forming adjectives

In English, there are some suffixes that can be form adjectives, such as:

1. –y (earth → earthy) 2. –al (person → personal) 3. –ful (success → successful) 4. –less (home → homeless) 5. –ary (legend → legendary) 6. –ish (girl → girlish)

7. –en (wood → wooden) 8. –able (desire → desirable) 9. –ive (generate → generative) 10.–ous (danger → dangerous)

(d) Derivational suffixes forming adverbs

The main derivational suffixes in forming adverb are –ly, -wise, and – ward(s). The example of those suffixes can be seen below:

1. –ly(happy → happily) 2. –wise (length → lengthwise) 3. –ward (back → backward)

s

-ful N Having Adj Powerful

-ic N Pertaining to Adj Democra

tic

-al V Pertaining to

or act of

N Refusal

-er V Agent who

does the verb indicates

N Reader

-ly Adv Manner Adv Kindly

2.3.7 Derivational process

Derivational process is the process by which affixes combine with roots to create new words. The basic function of derivational process is to enable the language user to make new lexemes. Lexemes belong to lexical categories such as Noun, Verb, and Adjective and derived lexemes may belong to a different category than their bases. Frank (1997) states that only nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs have derivational forms.

In linguistics, a suffix (also sometimes called a postfix or ending) is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. A derivational suffix usually applies to words of one syntactic category and change them into words of another syntactic category. Therefore, derivational suffix is a suffix which can change the function and meaning of word.

Examples of English derivational process and their suffixes:

 Adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness)  adjective-to-verb: -ise (modern → modernize)  adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish)

 adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → personally)  noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation → recreational)  noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify)

 verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)  verb-to-noun: -ance (deliver → deliverance)  verb-to-noun: -er (write → writer)

Although derivational affixes do not necessarily alter the syntactic category, they do change the meaning of the base. In many cases, derivational affixes change both the syntactic category and the meaning (e.g. modern → modernize)

In derivational process there two processes, they are class-maintaining derivation and class-changing derivation. Bauer (1983: 33) also states that derivation is sometime also subdivided into class-maintaining derivation and class-changing derivation. Class-maintaining derivation is the derivation of new lexemes which are the same form class (part of speech) as the base from which they are formed, whereas class-maintaining derivation produces lexemes which belong to different form classes from their bases.

2.3.7 Class-Maintaining Derivational Suffixes

In maintaining class of words, the derivational suffixes are used to create new lexemes by causing a shift in the grammatical sub-class of a word without moving it into a new word class (Katamba, 1993:50). On the other word, class

maintaining suffixes are the suffix which do not change the class of the base. When the suffix attached to the base then the result is to have the same form of the base class. Primarily, according to Bauer (1984:220), there are number of suffix that can be used in this category, they are:

1. –ess (lion → lioness)

2. –ette (kitchen → kitchenette)

3. –hood (man → manhood)

4. –ism (patriot → patriotism)

5. –ship (kin → kinship)

2.3.8 Class-Changing Derivational Suffixes

In changing class of words, derivational suffix bring about a shift in the grammatical class of a base as possible changing in meaning (Katmba, 1993:50). According to form class of derivatives that they produce, suffixes are classified into: suffixes forming noun, suffixes forming verbs, suffixes forming adjectives and suffixes forming adverbs (Bauer, 1983:220).

(a) Derivational suffixes forming nouns

Suffix forming noun is a suffix which is added at the end of the base and changes the base into noun. In other word, the suffix is placed in the end of the base and from this combination produces a new lexeme. In English, there are some suffixes that can be used in forming nouns from verb and adjective base form. They are:

1. –ation (categorize → categorization) 2. –ure (close → closure)

3. –al (arrive → arrival) 4. –er/-or (kill → killer)

5. –ment (manage → management) 6. –cy (excellent →excellency) 7. –ness (happy → happiness)

8. –dom (free → freedom)

9. –th (warm → warmth)

10.–ity (masculine → masculinity) 11.–ee (employ →employee) 12.–ant (account → accountant) 13.–ion (invent → invention) 14.–y (injure → injury) 15.–age (carry →carriage)

16.–ance/-ence (assist →assistance)

Note: Suffix –al has two function, to form noun from verb base and to form adjectives from noun base. Suffix –y also has two functions, to form noun from verbs or adjectives base and to forms adjectives from noun bases.

(b) Derivational suffixes forming verbs

In English, there are three types of suffixes that belong to suffixes forming verb. They are suffix –ify, suffix –ize and suffix –en.

For example:

1. –ify (pure → purify)

2. –ize (hospital → hospitalize) 3. –en (white → whiten)

Note: Suffix –en has two functions, to form verb from adjectives and to form adjective from noun base.

(c) Derivational suffixes forming adjectives

In English, there are some suffixes that can be form adjectives, such as:

1. –y (earth → earthy) 2. –al (person → personal) 3. –ful (success → successful) 4. –less (home → homeless)

5. –ary (legend → legendary)

6. –ish (girl → girlish) 7. –en (wood → wooden) 8. –able (desire → desirable) 9. –ive (generate → generative) 10.–ous (danger → dangerous)

(d) Derivational suffixes forming adverbs

The main derivational suffixes in forming adverb are –ly, -wise, and – ward(s). The example of those suffixes can be seen below:

1. –ly(happy → happily) 2. –wise (length → lengthwise) 3. –ward (back → backward)