Student A: Is Mr Gabra playing soccer?

Miss Ina : Ina‟s speaking. Tigor : Hello, Miss Ina. This is Tigor. Miss Ina : Hello Tigor, how are you? Tigor : I‟m not sure, ma‟am. FVIIIU8183 The data above shows a phone conversation between a school officer and a student who wants to speak to his teacher to get permission for not able to go to school. The student addresses the officer by using TLN. This type functions to show respect from a student to the officer who is older than him as well as has higher status in the school hierarchy. Besides, the student also uses TLN to address his teacher. TLN is also used to respect the teacher as someone whom has higher status in the school system. Thus, there is a function appeared from using TLN for two different people; to show respect. However, there are two different factors that influence; the factor influencing the student to use TLN to school officer is because of age, while the factor behind the use of TLN to the teacher is because of social status. The use of TLN in above data is partly appropriate and partly inappropriate. The use is appropriate when the student addresses the school officer, Mr Simbolon. This TLN is correctly used, since the concept is inline with the idea of respecting older by using TLN, besides the application of TLN is inline with the addressing system in which using title plus last name, Simbolon. Simbolon is one of the types of last or family names of Batak tribe, one of the tribes in Indonesia. However, another TLN is wrongly used. The student in the conversation addresses his teacher by Miss Ina. Here, the concept of TLN is correct, but the application is inappropriate based on the addressing system. Instead of using last name, the student addresses his teacher by using title plus first name which does not exist in the authentic English addressing system. 4.12 Mother: What‟s your English name? Miss Ani? Nurul: No, mom . It‟s Ina. Mother: Right, Miss Ina. FVIIIU8189 The above conversation is between a mother and her daughter taking place in their house and talking about one of the daughter‟s teachers. The mother forgets the name of her daughter‟s English teacher, and she wrongly mentions the name. Here, the mother uses TLN to address the teacher whom is not present in the conversation. Although there is a possibility that the mother is likely older than the teacher, the mother still addresses her by using TLN. TLN is used, because the mother wants to respect the one who has taught her daughter at the school. Like the previous mistakes in the previous data, the use of TLN in this conversation is also incorrect, since TLN is applied as title plus first name instead of last name or family name. In conclusion, most of the TLN usages in the speaking materials of English on Sky are inappropriate based on the authentic English addressing system. TLNs in the speaking materials are mostly depicted as title plus first name in which it is backlashes with the addressing system which states that TLN should be in the form of title plus last name or family name. The reason of these phenomena is likely because of the fact that Indonesian people are rarely having last name or family name, thus textbooks create their own application of TLN that is relevant to Indonesian people.

c. Title only T

People may use different types of address terms in their communication. The use of title only T is also used by people in conversation. Addressing people by title indicates the least intimate relationship between the speaker and the addressee. Besides, it shows social distance among them. Examples of T performed by the participants in the conversations are as follows: 4.13 Miss Ina: Well, students, time is over. That‟s all for now. Students: Yes, ma’am. Miss Ina: Good bye and see you. Students: Thank you, ma’am. TVIIU18b The above conversation happens in a classroom at the end of the lesson. It is a dialogue between a teacher and her students. The teacher informs that the time is over, and she also says goodbye to her students. The students reply and thank to the teacher by addressing her with T. Here, T is used to show respect to their teacher. The use of T here is also affected by the social distance between them as teacher and student, in which teacher has higher status than the students in the school. Besides, the use of T also indicates politeness which should be maintained in the school area. In short, the use of T type in the conversation functions to show respect, and social status becomes the social factor behind the choice. The use of T in above data is already appropriate, because the concept of using T is there in the conversation, in which the lower status ones should respect the ones with higher status to show their respect as well as to show a social distance between them. Besides, the use of T in the above data has also been inline with the addressing system of English.

4.14 Parent: Good afternoon, sir. Police: Good afternoon, madam. How may I help

you? TVIIU6163 The next conversation takes place in a police station between a parent and a police officer. The parent comes to the police station and reports to a police officer that she loses her little child. Here, both parent and police officer use T in addressing one another. The parent uses T to address the officer, because in society there is a social construction that sees police has more power than the society, since police is the one who protects the society. Thus, the parent uses T to respect the police officer. On the other hand, the police officer also uses T to address the parent. Although the officer has higher status and power than the parent, T is still used to show that they are least intimate to each other, besides to show respect to his client. Respect here should be maintained by the police officer regardless who his clients are, because a police station is a place where the idea of respecting each other is highly upheld by every single person there to keep the image of an apparatus with authority. The use of T in the context of the above data is appropriate, because T is the type which the participants are supposed to use. It will be inappropriate for them to use TLN, since they do not now each other, even they do no know each other‟s names. It will be inappropriate also if they use FN to address, since they are in a context in which the respect should be upheld, whereas FN always indicates the intimate context and informal situation. 4.15 Mr Ahmad: Are you ready? Students: Yes, sir. Mr Ahmad: Run quickly. TVIIU7180a The dialogue above happens in a sport field in the middle of a sport class where Mr Ahmad, as the sport teacher, orders the students to run quickly. Before ordering the students to run, Mr Ahmad checks whether the students are ready or not. The students answer by using T to address Mr Ahmad in order to respect their