CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Literature Review 1.Textbooks
Teaching materials play an important role in language teaching and learning programs. Richards and Rodgers 1986: 79 point out that
materials are seen as essential components of instructional design and are often viewed as a way of influencing the quality of classroom interaction
and language use. Materials can take the form of a textbook, a workbook, a teacher‟s book, a magazine, a journal, a picture, a map, a cassette, a CD-
Rom, a video, a photocopied handout, a newspaper, or even a paragraph written on a whiteboard Brown, 1995; Tomlinson, 2001. Of these forms
of teaching materials, textbooks are most widely used in the teaching and learning process.
Many experts have argued about the definition of a textbook, Tarigan and Tarigan 1993: 11-13, for example, conclude that; A a
textbook is always intended for students at a particular level of education; B a textbook is always associated with a particular field of study; C a
textbook always shows standard books d a textbook is usually compiled and written by experts; E a textbook is written for a specific learning
goal; F a textbook is also equipped with the means of learning; and g a textbook is always written to support a learning program.
Textbook is widely used in the teaching and learning process because of several factors; firstly, for teachers, developing their own
materials is a very difficult and demanding job; and secondly, teaching is, in itself, quite time-consuming that results to the lack time to develop new
materials Sheldon, 1988.
a. The Influence of Textbook s on the Students’ Learning
Outcomes
Textbooks are at the heart of the language learning and teaching process and they are the gateway not only to the linguistic
elements of a specific language but also to its cultural norms Azizifar, Khoosha Lotfi, 2010. Textbooks are the primary and
imperative teaching aide for language learning in an academic context, and EFL teachers usually draw on them as a core
foundation for their teaching. Textbooks also play a crucial role in shaping cultural and social attitudes and molding the behavior of
the learners. Learners feel influenced by the textbooks they exercise for learning English language and in the process they
come across social, religious, cultural, and linguistic diversities. This is supported by the fact that textbooks are used as the
main or even the only source in language teaching and learning process. Most of the time is spent by the students by using their
textbooks. To add, a Canadian researcher also states that 70 percent of the classroom activities are using textbooks Baldwin and
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