Solidarity and Politeness Literature Review 1.Textbooks

to understand the „beyond‟ meaning, of of the ways is by analyzing the context of the utterances. Pragmatics According to Crystal 2001:269, pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of the users, especially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction and the effects their use of language has on the participants in act of communication. Yule 1998:3 adds that pragmatics is the study of the speaker‟s meaning. It means that in order to achieve a good communication, both the speaker and hearer should be able to understand each other correctly regarding what the speaker means and how the hearer understands what the speaker means. When such understanding does not occur, the communicative situation may become a misunderstanding. Pragmatics is also concerned with the meaning of utterances and focuses on what is not explicitly stated and on how people interpret utterances in situational contexts Finch, 2000:150. The meaning of utterances depends on the hearer‟s interpretation. One speaker may utter something, but two hearers may have different interpretations. In addition, Bublitz in Trosborg 2010:v states that pragmatics deals with meaning-in-context, which for analytical purposes can be viewed from different perspectives that of the speaker, the recipient, the analyst, etc. The perspectives might be different, because there might be different views of context. Besides, pragmatics also cannot be separated from the society. Mey 2001:6 states that it is also in this sense that pragmatics can be defined as the study of the use of language in human communication as determined by the conditions of a society. It means that the uses of human language are determined by the context of the society. Levinson 1983:21 also adds that pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that are basic to and account of language understanding. Thus, pragmatics can be defined as the study which talks about the relationship between language and context in which the contextual meaning of an utterance can be different from grammatical meaning. 1 Context in Pragmatics In pragmatics, context has a significant role. Context defines the meaning of the language conducted in the society. Halliday via Mayes 2003:46 states that meaning should be analyzed not only within the linguistics system, but also taking into account the social system in which it occurs. In addition, he explains that people make