Faithful Translation THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

aspects, so the translator can easily to translate by using faithful form based on the SL, without changing the aspects. The perfection in translating is grammar and meaning from the SL and it must be in its result TL. The perfection is an idealist thought and not always achieved very well, but it has to effort to get the best result of translation. In this case, the translator is able to choose faithful in vocabularies, structures, grammars, or style in the SL. Nonetheless, the faithfulness has to be limited by understanding the context and naturalness because different languages also have different cultures. It aims not to destroy the translation. Translation is not original works, but the translator in the process of translation must try to obey faithful concept in the original text SL. Faithful, in this case, means there is a relationship which is expected between the SL and TL that is not too literal and also not too free. This situation wants a translator must really to master both intrinsic and extrinsic aspects in a work that he or she translate. To know in faithful translation, there is guideline to be good translator. In short, faithful is based on relationship among the writer s intention original text, target language, and the readers can be the listeners TL. Parameter, in this case, can be explained as below: 21 1. The writer, when making literary works, has particular intention. This means that the translator has to look for the writer SL s intention and it 21 Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan Jakarta: PT. Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 2006, p.25-26 can be done by understanding text, original information in work, style of language, and connotation that he uses. 2. In reproducing messages from the SL, the translator must look for equivalence specific diction in the TL. 3. The readers TL are different communities with the readers SL, this means: that there are differences of culture, language, and perception. The translator also should try, at his best, to transfer these values into the TL. As one genre of literature, poetry has something special comparison to the others. In a poem the beauty is not only reached through the choice of words and figurative language like in novels and short stories, but also with the creation of rhythm, rhyme, meter, and specific expression and structures that may not conform to the one s daily language. In short, the translation of poetry or song work needs something more than translating other genres of literature. This kind of translation is used to translate art and literature objects, such as prose, poetry, drama or opera, descriptive stories, film and etc. in translating these objects, they are usually faithful on form of expression the SL s; it aims to the original message and impression from the SL. The translator must have capability to catch the atmosphere which happens in the SL: it is sometime covered by explicit language, so the translation does not seem like a translation. Nevertheless, translations of literature objects have to be handled through poet s skills to create impressive translation in the TL. Translation of art and literature must be given priority in figurative languages and it purposes to clear the meaning from the SL. Error in translation of art and literature makes the reader TL do not understand what the real message that the translator deliver, so it can destroy its original text. Faithful translation must have same message as the SL. A translator must also know how to give information about the message SL to TL exactly and it has to obey grammatical forms in the TL. As Nida and Taber said that meaning must be given priority, for it was the content of the message which was of prime importance for translating text. 22 To measure the same message between The SL and TL, the translator should use whole measurements, such as words, phrases, or sentences which have been seen functionally. Source language must be read totally and understood messages generally. Important parts should be marked, either in structure, meaning, style or message, so the result of translation can be read very well. a The Translation Assessment Talking about a good translation of course closely relates to the quality. House said that judgements of the quality of a translation assessment depend on a large variety of factors that enter to any social evaluative statement. 23 The success of 22 E. A Nida and Charles R. Taber, the Theory and Practice of Translation Leiden: Brill, 1982, p. 22 23 Julian House, Translation Quality Assessment: Linguistic Description versus Social Evaluation Hamburg, Germany: University of Hamburg, 2001 p, 254 translating poetry are depends on some criteria that used by the translator. These criteria may assess that the translation of poetry can be succeed while the criteria of translation can be known by the quality of translation. Meanwhile, translation quality can be determined by several techniques of evaluation. Nida and Taber stated that the quality of the translation can be measured by a using techniques gaps, b asking the reader response to the passage of translation, c knowing the reaction to the reading of scripture reader the translation, and d reading the translation out loud, so that it can it is unknown whether his reading fluently or haltingly. 24 To produce good-quality translation, the tramslator should make the renders get an appropriate information with the real meaning in TL. Newmark said that: a good translstion fulfils it intention; in anvinformative text its success is measurable. At least, in theory and therefore the effectiveness of anbadvertising agency translator can be shown by result; in an authoritative or an expressive, form is almost as important as content, there is often a tension between the expressive and aesthetic functions of language and therefore merely adequate translation may be useful to explain what the text is about, but a good translation has to be distinguished and the translator exceptionally sensitive. 25 24 E.A Nida Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation Leiden: E.J Brill, 1969, pp. 168-173 25 Peter newmark, A Textbook of Translation New York: Prentice HallInternational, 1988, p.15 Meanwhile, Larson said that the quality of the translation divided into four aspects, namely a reason for the assessment, b the person who assesses, c how to make an assessment, and d the use of assessment results. 26 Assessment is performed to determine the accuracy, clarity, and fairness translation. This work can be done by translators themselves, special appraisers, consultants, and reviewers. Fourth parties can judge the quality of a translation by a comparing a translation with the source, b translating back to the source, c assess an understanding of translation, d to measure legibility of the source, and e assess the consistency of the translation. 27 According to Rochayah Machali, translation assessment carried out on the product not the process. In the assessment of translation, which needs to be understood is the term and aspect of the assessment; 1 accuracy linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, 2 the reasonableness of expression, 3 terminology, and 4 spelling. Assessment criteria; assigned to each terms or aspect of the assessment either positively or negatively. Method of assessment; divided into two, namely common ways relative can be applied to all types of translation and a special way for special text types such as text fields of law or poetry. Assessment translations conducted on the presence and magnitude of the deviation happens referential meaning. 28 26 Mildred L. Larson, Meaning-based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence, New York: New York University Press, pp.168-173 27 Syihabuddin, Studi Tentang Kualitas Terjemahan dan Implikasinya terhadap Pengajaran Menerjemah , Journal Program Studi Bahasa Arab, FPBS, UPI: Bandung, 2005, pp. 2-3. 28 Rochayah Machali, Pedoman bagi Penerjemah: Panduan Lengkap bagi Anda yang Ingin Menjadi Penerjemah Profesional Jakarta: Grasindo, 2000, p. 147-148 Larson in Frans Sayogie s book 2009 said that there are three things that need to be considering in the assessment, namely: 29 1. Accuracy, a translation said has accuracy when not deviate from the content or information contained in the original text of the source language. 2. Clarity, a translation has good clarity is that the translation can be understood easily by readers. 3. Naturalness, a translation has naturalness means that the translation uses sentences that are subject to the rules of the target language rules and familiar to readers Same as with Larson, Barnwell in Suryawinata 2003 said that whether or not of the appropriateness of the translation depends on three components, namely: 30 1. Accuracy is the accuracy of the source language message means understanding the appropriate and as accurately as possible diversion meaning of the message in the target language. 2. Clarity means that there are several ways of expressing an idea clearly. 3. Naturalness means that the translation was effective and high level of acceptability. Translation should not feel dry or sounds odd. 29 Frans Sayogie, Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan Jakarta: Pustaka Anak Negeri, 2009, p.153 30 Zuchridin Suryawinata Sugeng Hariyanto, Bahasa Teori dan Penuntun Praktis Menerjemahkan Yogyakarta: Penerbit Knaisius, 2003, p.160 b Nababan’s Translation Assessment Methods The quality of a translation is difficult to measure quantitatively. Most researchers used two instruments to measure the quality of the translation. Both instruments are 1 Accuracy-rating instrument and 2 readability-rating instruments. However, in this study there is still one more 3 Instruments for measuring the acceptability of a text. Accordance with its name, the instrument 1 is used to measure the quality of the translation of accuracy, while the instrument 2 is used to measure the level of readability and that to 3 to measure the acceptability of the text. 31 Table 1. Scale and definitions Translation Quality Assessment Accuracy-rating instrument Scale Definition Conclusion 3 The content of the source sentence is accurately conveyed into the target language sentence. The translated sentence is clear to the evaluator and no rewriting is needed. Accurate 2 The content of the source sentence is accurately conveyed to the target sentence. The translated sentence can be clearly understood by the evaluator, but some rewriting and some change in word order are Inaccurate 31 Nababan, M.R . Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar,2003, p. 60-63 needed. 1 The content of the source sentence is not accurately conveyed to the target sentence. There are some problems with the choice of lexical items and with the relationships between phrase, clause and sentence element. Not Accurate The table above shows that the measuring of instrument adheres to the level of translation equivalence scale of 1 to 3. The higher the score has given to the key informants, the more accurate the resulting translation. Otherwise, the lower the score has given the lower level of the translation equivalence. The second instrument, readability-rating instrument, the degree of ease of an article to be understood his point. The high writing of readability is easier to understand than the lower. Otherwise the lower writing of readability is difficult to read. Readability depends on ketedasan and kejelahan. Ketedasan readability associated with language, which is determined by the choice of words, sentences wake paragraph composition, and other grammatical elements. Kejelahan related to readability letter, which is determined by letters, line density, width of sembir, and other visual elements of system. 32 32 Adjat, Sakri. Bangun Kalimat Bahasa Indonesia Bandung: Penerbit ITB, 1994, pp. 165-166 Assessment aimed at determining the readability of subtitles should be handed over to the reader. Let the readers of the target language text that determines whether the translation they read very easy, easy, difficult or very difficult for them. Because an understanding of the reader to fill in the target language text is largely determined by the background knowledge, reader s poll as assessor text readability level should be done with caution. If the translated text is a text that will be evaluated in the field of literature, for example the assessor of readability level should be the ones in charge or cultivate the field of literature because in essence they are being targeted or a major consumer of the text. Table 2. In the assessment readability of translation Nababan give a guidance table of Readability Rating Instrument used as a benchmark: Scale Definition Conclusion 3 Word, phrase, clause, and sentence translation can be understood easily by the reader. High readability level 2 Generally the translation can be understood by the reader; however there are certain parts that should be read more than once to understand translation. Medium readability level 1 Translation difficult to understand by the reader. Low readability level Achieving an adequate degree of readability the text should be the purpose of the translation. According to Richard readability is how easily written materials can be read and understood. 33 A similar thing also expressed by Dale and Chall, that readability is an overall of element texts in affects to the reader understanding. 34 The third instrument is acceptablity. Acceptability referred to also as the norm, which is a phrase or specific terms deemed customary and reasonable in a particular community. This means that we can, a phrase or term is considered prevalent in a community, for other communities such expressions or terms to be uncommon. Because of its very relative, testing the acceptability of a translation done by asking specific community members assess the translation or not considered prevalent in the community. Given the terms that will be examined in this study is the medical term in the medical books medicine community members used as an appraiser acceptance of the translation. Acceptance of the level of acceptability the translation should be done by people who have expertise in the field of translation. Besides that, he must have a very high sensitivity to the rules, norms and prevailing culture in the target language. However, he must represent the target reader in determining whether a translation acceptable or unacceptable to the target reader. 33 Ricard, Jack, John Platt and Heidi Weber . Longman Dictionery of Applied Linguistics London: Essex. Longman Group Ltd, 1990, p.238 34 J. Flood ed, Understanding Reading Comprehension New York, DE: International Reading Association, 1984, p. 236 Table 3. Measuring Instrument of Acceptability Level Translation Scale Definition Conclusion 3 Translation feels natural; technical terms used are commonly used in their field and familiar to the reader; words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that are used are in accordance with the rules of language. Acceptable 2 Translation generally feels natural; but there is a little problem in the use of technical terms or grammatical errors occur slightly. Less acceptable 1 Translation unnatural or feels like a work of translation; technical terms used are not commonly used and familiar to the reader; words, phrases, clauses and sentences are not in accordance with the rules of language. Not acceptable

C. Poetry Translation

1. Definition of Poetry Translation

Poetry defines as a kind of language that we can say more intensive that what said by using daily language. Poetry is more different than novel or drama. Its difference can be concerned from full composition and restrictive convention, so that poetry does not give a space for poets to create their language freely and is signed by using a few words, but it express something much more. 35 35 Siswantoro, Metode Penelitian Sastra; Analisis struktur Puisi Yogyakarta: Penerbi Pustaka Pelajar, 2010,p. 23 Peter Newmark said that poetry is the most personal and concentrated of the four forms, no redundancy, no phatic language, where, as a unit, the word has greater importance than in any other type of text. And again, if the word is the first unit of meaning, the second is not the sentence or the proposition, but usually the line, thereby again demon-strafing a unique double concentration of units. ” 36 Besides, Calvin in Rodda defined poetry translation as bellow: 37 The translation of any poem is necessarily a sort of cross-word puzzle because of the necessity of attempting to reproduce the form, the meaning, and the feeling of a work which was conceived in different form. When the poem has been set to music and of making the right words come out on the right notes for the expressive values of the poem is added to the problems of meter, rhyme, sense and atmosphere, and the problem becomes a sort of three- dimensional cross-words puzzle. Robert DiYanni said that poetry is an art of condensation and implication; poems concentrate meaning and distill feeling. 38 Poem is a piece of writing in which the words are chosen for their sound and the images they suggest, not just for their obvious meanings. The words are arranged in separate lines, usually with a repeated a rhythm, and sometimes the lines rhyme at the end. 39 36 Peter Newmark, A Text Book of Translation New York: Prentice Hall, 1988, p.163 37 Anne E. Rodda, Translating for Music: The German Art Song ”, Translation Spectrum; Essays in Theory and Practice, ed. Marilyn Gaddis Rose New York: State University of New York Press, 1981, p. 150 38 Robert Diyanni, Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry and Drama New York: McGraw Hill, 2002, p. 670 39 Hornby, AS, Oxford Advanced Learner ’s Dictionary New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 1013 Poetry is the most compressed form of literature books may describe thousands of objects with thousands words, but poetries describe thousand of objects with fear words only. It is written in sentence. Therefore, the way to understand poetry may be more complicated than that to understand a book. The definition above proves that poetry translation must give the best result; both in the content and form because poetry presents the thing in order to convey a feeling, a behavior, and a view of life as well as itself. Moreover, poetry has several elements universal, culture, personal sources, so that the translator of poetry cannot make any concession to the reader such as transferring the foreign culture to native equivalence. Besides, Sayogie adds that poetry translation has double jobs; rendering messages and forms must be reliable. It means that translation in poetry refers to deliver messages as the SL does. 40 There are two elements in literary works, especially in poetry. There are an art and expression. In poetry, the art does not only achieve through diction, but the writer produce rhythms, tones and significant emotions by particular expression. Furthermore, what the writer writes is not based on grammar. 41 40 Frans Sayogie, Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan Jakarta: Pustaka Anak Negeri, 2009, p.212 41 Zuchridin Suryawinata Sugeng Hariyanto, Bahasa Teori dan Penuntun Praktis Menerjemahkan Yogyakarta: Penerbit Knaisius, 2003, p. 159