needs to compare the meanings in different dictionaries to get reliable meanings.
2. The Process of Translation
Translation is the process that is done step by step. Larson said that there are three steps in translating:
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1. Studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and
cultural context of the source language text. 2.
Analyzing it in order to determine its meaning. 3.
And then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its
cultural context. Nida and Taber propose the process of translation and its illustration as
follows:
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a. Analysis, in this step, the translator explores the meaning and the grammatical
relationship of source language word or compound word; b.
Transfer, the transfer of the sense which is in the mind of translator from language A to language B.
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Frans Sayogie, Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa IndonesiaJakarta: Pustaka Anak Negeri, 2009, p. 21
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E. A. Nida and C Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982, p. 33.
c. Restructuring, the sense that has been transferred is restructured in order to
make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language.
3. Translation Method
According to Molina refers to the translation method how to perform a translation process that is use to express purpose of translators. For example,
selection of translators in general which affect the whole text Translation refers to the way a particular translation process is Carried out in terms of translator`s
objective .
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There are several translation methods used, its use depends on the purpose of translation. The translators often apply one method translation in
accordance with the type of text. Newmark divided into eight translation methods, as follows.
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SL emphasis TL emphasis
Word-for-word translation 1 5Adaptasi
Terjemahan Harfiah 2 6 Free translation
Faithful translation 3 7 Idiomatic translation
Semantic translation 4 8 Communicative translation.
Gambar 3 : Diagram – V Newmark 1988:45
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Molina, Lucia Hurtado, Amparo, Transalation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalish Approach Meta, Vol.47, n.4. p. 498-512.
17
Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation London: Prentice Hall, 1981, p. 45-47.
1. Word-for-word translation
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated
singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to
understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre translation process.
2. Literal translation
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
3. Faithful translation
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It
transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical abnormality deviation from SL norms in the translation. It attempts to be
completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL writer.
4. Semantics translation
Semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value that is, the beautiful and natural
sound of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version.
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