community obtain electricity from a generator, in which each can serve a limited number of households.
Table 24 Establishment of island-wide electricity system
Electricity Rajuni Kecil Island
Rajuni Besar Island Tarupa
Island Kapoposang
Island Barrang
Caddi Island Start
1999 2004 March 2004
2004 1997 Assisted
by LP3M with
donor assistance
from JICA- Japan
Coremap program by
way of LP3M Coremap
program by way of LP3M
District government
LP3M with donor
assistance from JICA-
Japan
4.5 Population: Ethnicity and Origin
The study sites of small islands are inhibited by population of less than 1,300 persons. Rajuni Besar and Kapoposang have the least density of
population per hectare Table 25. Based on population data of the statistics office, the average population
growth in Rajuni Village and Tarupa Village between 1999 and 2003 were 3.4 and 5.2. This growth is mostly due to natural growth, and to some extent, in-
migration to the island. In all study sites natural growth is the main source of population growth. In recent years, in-migration to the island has been limited,
and if it existed it was due to marriage with non-island residents. The family planning program in these islands has yet to be performed by all families. As an
illustration, in Kapoposang, each family has four to eight children Coremap- LP3M 2002; KCC 2003.
Table 25 Population and population density
Rajuni Kecil
Island Rajuni
Besar Island
Tarupa Island
Kapoposang Island
Barrang Caddi
Island Population 1,076
1
356
1
708
1
461
2
1,263
3
Persons Area 30
4
20
5
22
6
32
1
37
1
Ha Density
35.9 17.8
32.2 14.4
34.1 PersonsHa
Source:
1
Coremap-LP3M 2001
2
Coremap-Socioeconomic Team 2001
3
PSTK- Unhas 2004
4
Coremap 2001b
5
Coremap 2001a
6
Coremap 2001c.
Islanders are related with kinship of the same blood that live in a small island, therefore social relation is very intensive; not to mention due to closeness
and remoteness of an island community. In one island, the residents mostly came from the same locations of the mainland Sulawesi. Thus, the population ethnicity
of an island has one or two majorities, with several other ethnicity came from
diverse locations Table 26. For example, in Spermonde Archipelago, the islands located in the north, i.e. Kapoposang, are inhabited by majority of Buginese and
some Mandarese, whereas the south is inhabited majority of Makassarese, i.e. Barrang Caddi Coremap-Socioeconomic Team 2001.
Eventually, the concept of ethnicity has already blurred, while many has been married cross-ethnicity. It is intended among others, to blend the family
relationships in the island. Most islanders would be agree that they are coming from one family. Consequently, any problems will be resolved in a familial
manner. In addition, they are Moslem in majority, due to the fact that islanders are originated from the mainland of South Sulawesi province, whose majority
religious conviction is Islam.
Table 26 Population ethnicity
Rajuni Kecil
Island Rajuni
Besar Island
Tarupa Island
Kapoposang Island
Barrang Caddi
Island Major Ethnicity
1
Bajau, Buginese
Bajau Bajau. Buginese Makassares e
Other ethnicity Selayar,
Flores Buginese Buginese,
Selayar, Buton,
Flores Mandarese,
Makassarese Buginese
Origin Bajau from Kayuadi and Bone;
Buginese from Sinjai Buginese
from Segeri Pangkejene
mainland Gowa,
Maros, Makassar
Source: COREMAP – LP3M, 2001; Field observation, April-June 2004. Note:
1
Almost or more than 50 of population.
Taka Bonerate Atoll: Rajuni and Tarupa Islands
History of Rajuni and Tarupa islands is illustrated in Table 27. Rajuni Kecil is believed to be one of the first islands inhabited in the Taka Bonerate Atoll. A
former traditional king of Bajau was resided in this island. Bajau is formerly known as sea gypsies and most of them lives as fishermen until today. Bajau
people were the first inhabitants in the island, who came from Bone and Kayuadi. Then, coming the Buginese, who first regularly visited the island as traders, but
afterward they resided in the island. In addition, there are small number of some other ethnicity coming from the bordering areas, namely from Makassar, Selayar,
Flores, Bonerate Island, etc. Tarupa is largely inhabited by Bajau pople. As with Rajuni Islands, there is
also a significant number of Buginese resided in Tarupa. However, which makes
Tarupa different from the former is the large number of population other than Bajau and Buginese of the same origins, such as Selayar, Buton Southeast
Sulawesi and Flores Nusa Tenggara. This happens due to the fact that Tarupa is the nearest island of Taka Bonerate reached from the mainland of South and
Southeast Sulawesi province, such as Sinjai, Bone and Buton – the origins of, external fishermen, traders and capital owners whose fishing ground is in Taka
Bonerate. Table 27 History of Rajuni and Tarupa Islands
Year Events
1920s First inhabitants of Rajuni who were the sea gypsies Bajau people.
Rajuni was governed by the head of ethnic ruler named ‘Arjuni’ the origin of the island name: Rajuni.
1930s First inhabitants of Tarupa. People from Bugis and Selayar settled.
1950s The separatist movement of DITII came, and later on the state military force posted.
Blast fishing was initiated in Rajuni Kecil. 1959-1960
Residents flee to Pasitallu of Taka Bonerate and Flores-Sumbawa. 1960s
Residents returned to Taka Bonerate. Islands of Rajuni, Jinato, Tarupa and Latondu designated as one village, in which
Rajuni was the capital. Blast fishing was initiated in Tarupa.
1964 An elementary school built in Rajuni Kecil.
1980s Started to use machines for boats.
Poison fishing was initiated in Rajuni Kecil. 1982
An elementary school built in Tarupa. 1991
Poison fishing was initiated in Tarupa. 1992
Taka Bonerate designated as a marine national park. 1993-1995
Jinato, Tarupa and Latondu became separate villages. 1993
LP3M started community assistance. 1995
Park rangers stationed in the islands. 1999
Coremap started in Rajuni Kecil and Tarupa. 2000
Coremap started in Rajuni Besar. Source: Participatory Rural Appraisal and Marine Ecosystem Analysis, held in 1999
Coremap-LP3M 2000.
Spermonde Archipelago: Kapoposang and Barrang Caddi Islands
The Spermonde Archipelago is inhabited by the people from the mainland of South Sulawesi. Their ancestors have already become inhabitants of the
islands since the beginning of the 18th century. These islands become the place of residence of traders, sailors and fishermen, and they kept strongly their blood
ties with the extended families in the mainland until today Mattulada 1994. Barrang Caddi is one of the nearest island parts of Spermonde
Archipelago, while Kapoposang is the outermost island. During the data collection, the history of Barrang Caddi has been explored very little. A key-
informant suggested that the island has been inhabited since early 1900s. The
islanders were originated from the mainland area of kingdom such as Gowa and Maros, Makassarese.
History of Kapoposang is illustrated in Table 28. It is largely uncertain when Kapoposang Island was first inhabited. One source mentioned that it has been
inhabited by the Buginese originated from the same grandfather in Segeri, Pangkejene since 1920s KCC 2003. But another source argued that
Kapoposang was first inhabited since the 18th century LP3M 1996; Nazruddin 1997. Other source proposed that the first traditional leader was in position since
1890 Nazruddin 1997. In succeeding years, external fishers from Maros, Makassar and Mandar come to, marry and build families in the island. However,
the population number from Maros, Makassar, Mandar and recent in-migrants to the island is very limited, which was to some extent, due to the selectiveness of
Kapoposang community in accepting migrants Coremap-Socioeconomic Team 2001; KCC 2003.
Table 28 History of Kapoposang
Year Events
1920s The island has already inhabited, and a local traditional leader, known as Gallarang,
existed. 1945-1950
The island and its surrounding sea became a battlefield during physical revolution between Indonesian, Dutch and Japan colonialists.
1944 Fishing using explosive was introduced by the Dutch colonialist.
1990 NGOs started to work with the community.
1995 Kapoposang and neighboring islands designated as a tourism marine park.
1996 Park rangers stationed in Kapoposang. Kapoposang and neighboring island of
Pandangan designated as one village, in which Pandangan as the capital. 1998
A private company started to manage marine tourism. Source: Participatory Rural Appraisal held in October-November 2000 KCC 2003;
Mattulada 1994.
Chapter 5 Coral Reef, Destructive Fishing, and Fishery Sustainability
