ranger assistants, consist of two island residents who were appointed to assist the daily monitoring of the area and received remuneration for their assignment.
Barrang Caddi
There is no special designated area for Barrang Caddi. It is situated in the inner part of Spermonde archipelago and relatively close to the provincial capital
of South Sulawesi, Makassar City.
Resource Users
Accessibility to resource system is shaped by institutional arrangement of the resource system, which has an effect on the research use patterns. Common
to most marine areas within the Indonesian jurisdiction, Taka Bonerate Atoll has been exploited by resident and external fishers. They would use various fishing
gears, including those of destructive and not destructive. External fishers come from other part of the province such as Galesong Takalar and Sinjai; and even
from outside the province such as from Buton and Java including Madura. The external fishers are having more sophisticated fishing gears such as purse seine
and lift net, than that of the resident fishers. In Barrang Caddi, the same situations preserves. The resource system is
open access to any fishermen. However, communal arrangements are agreed by fishermen who normally fish in some area. For example, in the fishing grounds
where Barrang Caddi fishermen usually fish, i.e. in the marine area of Lumu-lumu and Langkai islands, there are unwritten rules that some areas are for hook and
line fishing and other areas are for poison fishing. The surrounding marine area of Kapoposang has been the fishing grounds
for many fishers coming from various places, such as the neighboring islands Pandangan and Gondong Bali, the islands within Spermonde, or from other
area of South Sulawesi Province namely Polmas, Pare-pare, Barru and Sappuka. External fishers are utilizing small-scale or large-scale fishing gears, such as
purse seine.
4.3 Community Livelihoods
Islanders of the studied islands have been for 4-5 generations living in these islands and maintained coastal fishery as means of livelihood of the
majority population. Table 17 shows the diverse occupation of the islanders, namely fishermen, traders and officials such as staffs of the village government
and teachers. The majority of men is working as individual fishermen, and others are capital owners, fish traders, ship owners, ship crew members, house or ship
builders, local household essential retailers. Women mostly do not have productive activities; however, some are running home industries, namely fish
processing activities, such as drying fish, and running small business food stall, kiosk, fuel selling. It has somehow assisted in developing a small cash economy
on the island Alder and Christianty 1998. In all studied islands, fishermen are the primary livelihood of islanders and
retained by more than 70 of working population, except in Rajuni Kecil. Rajuni Kecil has a distinct character as 27 of working population is employed in cargo
ships service, either as the ship owners or the ship crew members.
Table 17 Occupation of employment
Occupation
Rajuni Kecil
Island Rajuni
Besar Island
Tarupa Island
Kapoposang Island
Barrang Caddi
Island Fishermen
1
53 89
78 71
70 Cargo ships
27 -
4 1
1 Home industry
2
14 8
15 13
23 Government
3
3 -
2 4
2 Work in cities
- -
- -
2 Others
4
2 3
- 11
2 Total employment
100 369
100 92
100 259
100 152
100 522
employment 34
24 37
31 39
non-employment
5
66 76
63 69
61 Total population
surveyed 1,071 387 709 486
1,337 Source: Household survey April-June 2004.
Note:
1
Including fish collector and capital owner punggawa.
2
Including kiosk, fuel selling, food stall, house or ship builder.
3
Including village government staff, teacher, nursemaid.
4
Such as tourism resort personnel, personnel of the electricity installation and small- scale ice producing factory.
5
Including schooling students.
Kapoposang has a quite significant islanders working on others type of occupation. Table 17 shows 11 of this category. A number of islanders are
working in the tourism resort or personnel of the electricity installation and small- scale ice producing factory. Moreover, situated only one-hour passenger boat
from Makassar city, a fraction population of Barrang Caddi 2 are working in the cities as laborers, which are not encountered in other islands.
Coastal Fishery
As in other part of Indonesia, the coastal fishery is of a small- to medium- scale character with little input of complex technology, small capital investments,
but high input of manpower. Types of ships for catching fishes are boats without engines, boats with outboard engines, and boats with inboard engines.
Motorization allows fishers to enlarge their resource space and their fishing effort via greater mobility Pet-Soede 2000. Majority utilize 4 m small fishing boats with
outboard engines called perahu tempel or perahu katinting of 5 horse power, which accommodate from one to five persons.
Type of Fishes and Marine Biota
Landings in the coastal province of South Sulawesi contributed to 8.4 to the Indonesian marine landing 2.83 thousand tons. Landings in Spermonde, a
distinct coastal shelf administered by four of the 21 districts in South Sulawesi, increased from 32,000 tons in 1977 to 53,000 tons in 1995 Pet-Soede 2000.
The coastal fishery statistics enumerates that coastal fishery production of South Sulawesi in 2002 was 337,000 tons DKP South Sulawesi 2002b.
However, this number is far higher than pointed by Pet-Soede. This study is unable to discover the correct data. The same statistics suggests that the
production value of coastal fishery products was 1.28 trillion rupiah or around 128 million US ibid. The exported coastal fishery production totaled 2,300 tons was
valued 96,000 US DKP South Sulawesi 2002a. Each different area of the selected islands catches different types of fishes.
The fisher are very keen in catching fish or marine biota which has high commercial value, especially reef fishes such as coral grouper, vermicular cod,
nepolleon wrease. These fishes are of high demand for export to Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan, Australia, as well as for local consumption in the big cities.
Table 18 below shows to some extent, fishes and marine biota commonly caught by resident fishers and whether such fish is for export or not.
Table 18 Fish and other marine biota caught by resident fishers
Islands English
name Latin name
Indonesian local name
Rajuni, Tarupa
Kapoposang Barrang Caddi
Export
Coral grouper
Cephalapholis miniato
Kerapu X X X
Yes Vermicular
cod Plectropomus
oligocanthus Sunu
X X X Yes
Nepolleon wrease
Cheilinus undulatus
Langkoe X
Yes Northern
pilchard Amdblygaster sirm
Simbula X
Streaked spiefoot
Siganus virgatus Baronang
X Rosy
threadfin- bream
Nemipterus furcosus
Ikan merah X X
Skipjack tuna
Katsuwonus pelamis
Cakalang X X
Yes Rabbit fish
Siganus sp. Biawas
X Purse-eyed
scad Selar crumen
thalmops Katombong
X X Indian oil
sardine Sardinella
longiceps Lemuru
X Purple-
headed emperor
Lethrinus lentgan Katamba
X X Double lined
mackerel Crammatorcynus
bilineatus Tinumbu
X Yellowtail
fusilliers Caesio
caerulaurea Ekor kuning
X Yes
Darel- banded
fusilier Pterocesio trile
Sinrili X
Shark Hiu
X X Rays
Trigonidae Pari
X X Narrow
barred Spanish
Mackerel Scomberomerus
commersoni Tenggiri
X Yes
Reef octopus
Octopus cyanea Gurita
X X Yes
Bradclub cuttlefish
Sepia latimaus Cumi-cumi
X X Spiny
lobsters Panulirus spp. Lobster
X X
X Yes
Spotted sea cucumber
Boahdshia argus Teripang
X X Yes
Top shell Trochus
nilocthicus Lola
X X Giant clam
Tridacna crocea Kima
X X Pearl oyster
Pinctada margaritifera
Japing- japing
X Green turtle
Chelonia mydas Penyu hijau
X
Source: Taka Bonerate: Participatory Rural Appraisal and Marine Ecosystem Analysis, held in 1999 Coremap-LP3M 2000, Socioeconomic survey – resource use in Coremap –
PSTK Unhas 2000. Kapoposang: Participatory Rural Appraisal held in 2000 KCC 2000b, Coremap-Socioeconomic Team 2001. Barrang Caddi: K3N 2003.
Fishing Gears
The fishing gears used are various, among others are hook and line, bottom long line, vertical line, gill net, lift net, purse seine, danish seines, squid
fishing, bottom fish trap, or the destructive tools of explosives and cyanide poison Table 19. Hand lining is the dominant method used by residents. In
addition, reef flats around inhabited islands are intensively gleaned for invertebrates each day by residents, primarily women and children. The
commercial fleet that is owned by outsiders is dominated by the squid boats or fish platform with net bagang Alder and Christianty 1998.
Table 19 Fishing gears utilized by resident fishers of studied islands
Islands Group of
fishing gears
English name Indonesian
local name
Rajuni, Tarupa
Kapoposang Barrang Caddi
Hook and line fishing
Pancing X X
Long lining Rinta, rawai
X X X Vertical line
Kedo-kedo X X
Hook and lines
Trolling Pancing tonda
X X Gill net
Kulambi, samba X
Dragnetgill net Pukat
X X Fish platform with
net Bagang
X Bottom gill net
Lanra X X X
Cast net Jala
X Purse seine
Lampara, gae X
Hand net Sessara
X Net
Scoop net Serok
Harpoon Tombak
X Spear
Panah X
Harpoon Harpoon for sea
cucumber Ladung
X Bottom trap
Bubu X X X
Trap Rope trap
Tado X
Squid fishing Squid fishing
Doang-doang X X
Explosives Bom
X Chemical
substance Poison cyanide
Bius X X
Other Fishing aggregating
devices Rumpon
X
Source: Taka Bonerate: Coremap-LP3M 2000, COREMAP-ACIL 2000. Kapoposang: Coremap-Socioeconomic Team 2001. Barrang Caddi: K3N 2003, Field survey April-
June 2004.
Moreover, different types of boats are used with different types of fishing gears. For example, lift net and purse seine is using 10-20 m long motorized
boats; while hook and line may only need 4 m fishing boats. Different fishing gears utilized to catch specific marine biota or fish demersal fish, coral reef fish,
small pelagic fish or large pelagic fish, and used in specific marine area either in the reefs, shallow waters or deep sea Pet 2000.
Each island differs in using fishing gears. A distinctive device employed by the islanders of Kapoposang is called rumpon or fish aggregating devices, where
fishermen can easily catch fishes surrounding this device using purse seine. Each fisher normally has expertise in utilizing specific fishing gears, and
they combine different gears due to various reasons. A changing on fishing gears is normally occurred. The decision of fishermen to change their fishing gears is
influenced by the capital owner punggawa as the owner of the fishing gears, especially for the big gears, such as fish platform with net bagang and purse
seine, or as the provider of particular tools, for example poisons and explosives Coremap-PSTK Unhas 2000. This situation is also revealed by Meereboer
1998 that ‘the patronage relationships influence the choice of fishing strategies of individual fishermen’. In addition, the fishing behavior of fishermen is varied
and not homogenous. It is dependable upon the fisherman, location and time. The same fisherman might use non-destructive and destructive fishing gears
interchangeably; each on specific time and location Lampe 2004 pers. comm..
Table 20 Approximate start of blast and poison fishing in study sites
Islands Blast fishing
Poison fishing
Rajuni 1950s 1980s Tarupa 1960s 1990s
Kapoposang 1940s data
not collected
Barrang Caddi 1940s
1980s Source: Rajuni and Tarupa: Participatory Rural Appraisal and Marine Ecosystem
Analysis, held in 1999 Coremap-LP3M 2000. Kapoposang: Participatory Rural Appraisal, held in October-November 2000 KCC 2003. Barrang Caddi: Field visit June
2004.
As the preceding section has explained, fishermen prefer to catch highly commercial fishes such reef fishes. The reef fishes of coral grouper, vermicular
cod or nepolleon wrease can be caught using environmental friendly of traditional fishing method handline with single hook, which is modified by local fishermen.
Beside that, there are fishermen who using fishing gear like as bottom fish trap. However, the yields are not as easy and plenty as if caught using poison fishing.
The same happens with the demersal fish of yellowback fusilier which can swiftly caught by blast fishing. The destructive fishing gears of blast and poison fishing
have been introduced by the external actors, foreign fishermen, former
colonialists or traders. Fishermen of each island diverged in starting to acquaint with andor utilize these tools Table 20.
Seasonal Calendar
The weather condition or seasons have largely an effect on coastal fishery Table 21. As shown in Table 22, in all studied sites, fishermen are difficult to go
fishing during the West monsoon, except for some days when the weather and wave is calm. The occasional fishing during this period is only for subsistence
and done nearby their island. Therefore, for three or four months per year, a famine period is experienced by fishers’ community. The land-based natural
resources in the small islands are very limited. Almost no agricultural cultivation is possible. Only in Kapoposang where coconut trees are abundant, but it cannot
provide income if the community cannot sail and sell the coconut production to the cities. The no-fishing period is utilized by fishermen to repair their boats and
fishing gears. Thus, this limitation makes fishermen maximally earn living on coastal fishery during the East season.
Table 21 Seasonal calendar
Nov – Feb Mar – Apr
May – Aug Sep – Oct
West Monsoon, rainy season,
highly-waved and lowly-rainfall.
Transitional season. East Monsoon, dry
season, lowly- waved, lowly-
rainfall. Transitional season.
Source: Coremap-Socioeconomic Team 2001.
Table 22 Fishers activities in different seasons
Jan – Mar Apr – Aug
Sep – Dec
Season- fluctuated
periods Rainy season.
Transition period from West season to East
season. Water condition is not so calm
and sometimes hard winds come.
Best season. Sea is suitable for fishing
activities.
Fishers activities
Fishermen stay in the island; repair ships,
houses, fix dragnet, or trade.
Fishermen look for fish not far from their island.
Fishermen catch fish far from their island, even
out of Spermonde Archipelago.
Source: Coremap-Socioeconomic Team 2001.
Due to seasonal calendar, fishermen recognize a good period of fishing in different areas, distant from their island and common fishing grounds. This is
noticed in Barrang Caddi, where fishermen between July and March go fishing to the coastal area of Nusa Tenggara, of Kalimantan particularly Balikpapan
coastal area and the Central Sulawesi province. The seasonal fishing period of this kind is lasted for around 3 months.
4.4 Socio-economic Conditions
