Table 45 Percentage of each variable of bonding and bridging social capital
Variable Type Tarupa
Rajuni Kecil
Rajuni Besar
Barrang Caddi
Kapopo- sang
Q1 Island-wide network
Source of island’s production capital:
Oneself or
parents Bh 0.54 0.40 0.64 0.17
0.30
Credit union or ROSCA Bh
0.03 0.09
0.22 0.10
0.05 Island’s
patron Bv 0.27 0.28 0
0.64 0.33
Patron in
Makassar Br 0.02 0.003 0 0.02 0.07 Outside
patron Br
0.03 0 0 0.15
Marketing of island’s product:
Island Bh 0.63 0.60 0.80 0.88 0.62
Makassar Br 0.24 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.17
Outsider Br 0.08 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.19
Q2
Fisher-wide network Membership
in fishing
patron-client network Bv
0.56 0.18 0.43 0.95
0.36 Visit
out Bh 0.44 0.32 0.43 0.49
0.45 Membership in local group
Bh
0.89
0.55
0.79 0.81 1.00
Membership of group: Residents
Bh 0.81 0.62 0.91 0.83 0.18
Neighboring islands Br
0.19 0.38 0.09 0.13 0.82
Outsider Br
0 0 0 0.04 0
Note: Types of social capital are namely: “Br” is bridging social capital; “Bh” is horizontal bonding social capital; “Bv” is vertical bonding social capital. Patron acts also as trader.
ROSCA is abbreviated from rotating saving credit associations.
Fishermen are generally in cooperation with other resident fishermen residing in other islands in Taka Bonerate as well as with the external fishers and
traders from outside Taka Bonerate, in conducting destructive fishing in Taka Bonerate MCS 2003a. This network is apparent in Tarupa.
Ships loaded with ice locally called panges belong to external punggawa, traders and wholesalers were coming to Tarupa to pick up the fishes. They
usually docked for around seven days to collect fishers’ harvest, as well as provide raw materials of explosives to the fishermen and punggawa of the island.
These ships came from and left for Makassar, Sinjai, and Bone. The operation of these ships indicates the proliferation of blast fishing in Tarupa, because it will not
be profitable if only to collect fishes caught by hook and line. It is profitable if collecting fishes using bigger fishing vessels, such as purse seine, fish platform
with net bagang or blast fishing; however, the first two fishing gears did not exist in Tarupa.
Destructive fishing are proliferated in Tarupa, while they are not apparent in Rajuni. Nevertheless, such conclusion is partially incorrect if the situation is
assessed from the perspective of fishing networks. It is true that fishermen, punggawa and local leaders in Tarupa are in concert in conducting such
practices, whereas the same situation is not visible in Rajuni. However, many fishermen and traders in Rajuni Kecil acquire fish to be processed and traded
from Tarupa. These fishes are largely caught using blast fishing. External influence is prominent in the incidents of bomb and poison fishing.
The proliferation of destructive fishing in Taka Bonerate has been initiated and mostly conducted by external fishers originating from, among others, Buton, Bau-
bau, Kendari and Masuduk part of Southeast Sulawesi province, Takalar, Sinjai, Kayuadi, Kayupanda, Bulukumba, Selayar MCS 2002b, 2003a. Likewise,
poison fishing that proliferated in Spermonde Archipelago, particularly in Barrang Caddi island, was introduced by divers from Taiwan and Hong Kong fishing
vessels around 1985 Halim 2002. Visiting other islands or mainland or cities for purposes other than fishing,
such as visiting family, buying daily goods or fishing materials, are normally done by fishers. Less than half of the fisher respondents made one or some visits in
the last one month. The highest is made by Barrang Caddi, which is unsurprising, considering that it is situated only one-hour motorized boat to Makassar city.
Group membership and membership of a group of fishers are as follows. More than half of the fishers belong to local groups like credit union, rotating
saving credit associations ROSCA or sport. The membership of these groups is mostly coming from the respective island, except for Kapoposang where most its
member comes from a neighboring island.
Index of Bonding and Bridging Social Capital
The value of each variable of bonding and bridging social capital can be developed into indexes Table 46. All islands have higher bonding than bridging
social capital Figure 22. The island communities largely depend on the networks and groups of the island residents for capital and trade transactions.
However, Kapoposang has higher bridging capital than other islands.
Table 46 Bonding and bridging social capital
Variable Tarupa Rajuni
Kecil Rajuni
Besar Barrang
Caddi Kapoposang
Bridging social capital 0.14
0.12 0.09
