can be used for preparation of speaking activities. Writing is an activity that can usefully be prepared by working in other skills such as listening, speaking
and reading Nation, 2009: 113. From many definitions proposed by the experts, it can be concluded that
writing is an activity which needs a set of processes. Otherwise, this skill also can bring out writer
’s knowledge. Moreover, writing also can be used to show feeling or thinking.
b. Writing Objectives
In doing writing, everybody has a particular objective that they want to accomplish. There are some objectives of writing proposed by experts.
According to Nation, 2009:115 a written work is usually completed for an objective and a particular target reader. The objective can be widely diverged
and determined based on their objective of writing. For example, a writer wants to write an informal letter written for a friend or a relative to inform his
and his family’s activities. While this letter is written, the writer should keep the purpose in mind by suiting the information and expression needed to the
receiver. Based on writing objectives proposed by Purves, Sofer, Takala and
Vahapassi in Nation, 2009: 115, writing activities are conducted to learn,
convey or signal, inform, convince or persuade, entertain, maintain friendly contact, store information, and help to remember information.
c. Aspects of Writing
Brown 2004: 218 says writing is a unique skill that has its own features and convention. Further, he also divides the aspect of the writing skill into
two criteria: micro skills and macro skills 2004:220-221. The micro skills are: 1 producing graphemes and orthographic patterns of English, 2
producing writing at an efficient rate of speed to suit the purpose, 3 producing an acceptable core of words and use appropriate word order
patterns, 4 using acceptable grammatical systems e.g. tense, agreement, and pluralization, patterns, and rules, 5 expressing a particular meaning in
different grammatical forms, and 6 using cohesive devices in written discourse. Then, Brown also lists the macro skills of writing, as follows: 1
using the rhetorical forms and conventions of written discourse, 2 accomplishing appropriately the communicative functions of written
discourse, 3 conveying links and connections between events and communicative such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information,
given information, generalization, and exemplification, 4 distinguishing between literal and implied meaning while writing, 5 conveying culturally
specific references in the context of the written text, and 6 developing and use a battery of writing strategies, such as accurately assessing the audience’s
interpretation, using prewriting devices, writing with fluency in the first drafts, using paraphrases and synonyms, soliciting peer and instructor feedback, and
using feedback for revising and editing.
