Aspects of Writing Writing Theories

step is the result; this is when the final goal of project is reached. The last step is consultationtutorial, throughout the lifetime of a project, teachers will need to be available as a tutor, adviser, helper, and prompter for students to help them progress. In addition, Jenkinson in Palmer 1994 explains that the writing process may be followed by some following steps: a pre-writing activities Learners are given some optional topics. After the topic has been chosen, they brainstorm ideas. The ideas must follow the chosen topic. b writing a draft Learners start writing the draft of the work. The draft is their first work. c peer review of the draft The learners’ work starts to be reviewed by fellow learners. Some errors and mistakes concerning grammatical errors and mistakes, organization of ideas, subject and verb concordance, verb agreement, tenses, etc. may be spotted. d revisingediting After reviewing, the draft is revised based onthe suggestions from reviewers. e writing the final draft Learners start writing the final draft or the final work.

2. Teaching Writing

a. Principles of Teaching Writing

There are many approaches in teaching English. A teacher can select any appropriate approach which may be proper for hisher class based on their uniqueness. Besides the class’s uniqueness, a teacher’s experiences in a teaching and learning process will be one factor to help a teacher selects a particular approach or a technique. According to Nation 2009: 93 -95, there are three teaching principles that must be taken into account by a teacher during teaching writing. 1 Meaning- focused input In meaning focused input, it is believed that a successful writing process is if the writers are well prepared for what they are going to write. Learners should bring their experiences and knowledge during writing. Before they do writing, learners will choose a topic. 2 Meaning- focused output  Learners will be expected to do lots of writing in many kinds of writing genres in order to do practices for many aspects in the writing skills.  The aim of writing is to convey a message to reader, so the learners must be taken into account the communicative purposes during the writing process.  Writing should interest the learners.  Learners use writing for increasing their language knowledge.