Writing Objectives Writing Theories

d. Writing Processes

A process is something that should be done in order to do every activity. Writing as one of the learning activities also has its processes. Nation 2009: 116 divides the writing processes into seven processes: 1 considering the goals of the writer, 2 having a model of the reader, 3 gathering ideas, 4 organizing ideas, 5 turning ideas into written texts, 6 reviewing what has been written, and 7 editing. Similar to Nation, Harmer 2007:279- 280 also mentions some organized ways in doing a writing project. Firstly a project starts at briefing or choosing of topics which means that teachers or students or it can be both decide on a topic. The topic can come from students or the teachers may offer a list of possible topics. The next step is idea or language generation, here students start making plans on how to accomplish the task, how to find out the information and where they can get the information needed. Teachers can give instructions on the way to get the information. Next, the third step is data gathering. Students can gather data from many sources. It can be from the internet, encyclopedias, television, radio, text books or questionnaires. The fourth step is planning, after having topic-specific language and data that they have required, students start making a plan on how the final project will be set out. Then, the next step is drafting and editing. Students start making the project. Before the final product is written, they start writing the draft; it can be a whole section or only parts of that. Then, the draft will be corrected teachers or fellow students. The draft will be self-edited as well. The sixth step is the result; this is when the final goal of project is reached. The last step is consultationtutorial, throughout the lifetime of a project, teachers will need to be available as a tutor, adviser, helper, and prompter for students to help them progress. In addition, Jenkinson in Palmer 1994 explains that the writing process may be followed by some following steps: a pre-writing activities Learners are given some optional topics. After the topic has been chosen, they brainstorm ideas. The ideas must follow the chosen topic. b writing a draft Learners start writing the draft of the work. The draft is their first work. c peer review of the draft The learners’ work starts to be reviewed by fellow learners. Some errors and mistakes concerning grammatical errors and mistakes, organization of ideas, subject and verb concordance, verb agreement, tenses, etc. may be spotted. d revisingediting After reviewing, the draft is revised based onthe suggestions from reviewers. e writing the final draft Learners start writing the final draft or the final work.