15
equivalence and delivering the meaning correctly are the main issue. Bassnet describes:
what is generally understood as translation involves the rendering of a source language SL text into the target language TL so as to ensure that
1 the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and 2 the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but not so
closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted.
28
In other words, translation is rewriting, restating, changing, or transferring the text, the message, or the meaning from the SL to TL by attending what the SL
writer intends. Moreover, as stated on the first chapter that translation is a communication act, therefore it must produce understanding. The Target Text
TT readers must understand what the writer means; the message on the Source Text ST must be delivered correctly by using the equivalent or the closest words
represent the SL in the TL, so the readable translation will be successfully created.
B. A Brief Overview about Translation and Culture
When translators do their job, they will be faced not only by two different languages, but also by two different cultural senses within. It is because, as stated
in the previous chapter that translation has a relation with culture. They are strongly intertwined. Newmark in Hoed declares that
sebuah teks sumber TSu dipengaruhi oleh sejumlah faktor, antara lain, faktor penulis pemroduksi TSu, norma yang berlaku dalam bahasa
sumber BSu, kebudayaan yang melatari TSu, budaya tulis dan cetak TSu, dan hal yang dibicarakan dalam TSu
29
a SL is influenced by some factors as follows: the author the Source Text ST producer, norms in the SL,
background culture in the ST, writing and printing format of ST, and the topictheme discussed in the ST.
28
Susan Bassnet, Translation Studies New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 12
29
Benny Hoedoro Hoed, op.cit., p. 79
16
There are also some factors influenced the TL text: calon pembaca yang diperkirakan, norma yang berlaku dalam bahasa sasaran BSa, kebudayaan
yang melatari teks sasaran Tsa, budaya tulis dan cetak TSa, dan penerjemah
30
the target reader of the Target Text TT, norms in the TL, background culture in the TT, writing and printing format of the TT, and the translator.
Nida even points out that, “For truly successful translation, biculturalism is
even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function.”
31
Therefore, the relation between translation and culture should become consideration for the translators to render
what is in the ST to the TT carefully; particularly to the cultural text such as literary works; poems, films, plays, prose, novels, lyrics, etc. The message which
the target readers of the TT get or feel from it, should be the same way with the reader of the original work acquired. Thus, the translated text readers will
understand what the author intended, then the text itself is readable or understandable.
C. Translation Method
Before translating a text, it is important for translators to determine the target readers and the purpose of the text itself, what it is made for. Consequently,
the translator will consciously or not use the method of translation which appropriate for the target reader and the purpose. In this context, Hoed defines
method as prinsip yang mendasari cara kita menerjemahkan yang sudah barang
30
Ibid.
31
Wenfeng Yang, op.cit.
17
tentu bermuara pada bentuk jenis terjemahannya
32
the principle which forming the way we translate, which absolutely ends up in a form kind of the translation.
According to Newmark’s concept, there are eight methods of translation. They are divided into two groups; each group consists of four methods. The first
four are SL oriented SL emphasis and the rest are TL oriented TL emphasis. Again, he describes those methods in a diagram namely „V Diagram’ below:
SL Emphasis TL Emphasis
Word-for-word Adaptation
Literal translation Free translation
Faithful translation Idiomatic translation
Semantic translation Communicative translation
Figure 1: Translation Methods by Peter Newmark
33
The SL emphasis translation methods are represented by word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, and semantic translation. Dalam
metode jenis ini, penerjemah berupaya mewujudkan kembali dengan setepat- tepatnya makna kontestual TSu, meskipun dijumpai hambatan sintaksis dan
semantis pada TSa yakni hambatan bentuk dan makna In those methods, translators try to recreate the contextual meaning in the SL precisely, though they
will be faced by syntactic and semantic obstacles in the TL the obstacles of form and meaning.
34
Those methods above will be explained as follow:
32
Benny Hoedoro Hoed, op.cit., p. 55
33
Peter Newmark, op. cit., p. 45
34
Rochayah Machali, op. cit., p. 76
