Time and Place of the Research

14 style”. 24 Summarizing the definitions, it can be said that Newmark, Larson, and Nida and Taber agree that translation is about meaning; it is rendering the meaning, transferring the meaning, or reproducing the closest natural of the SL message in terms of meaning and also the style. When the readers of the TT understand what the author of the SL intends in the ST, it means the translation is readable. This is an essential thing in translation. According to Jakobson, definitions about translation above correspond to „interlingual translation’, for it involves different languages „some other language’; the source and target language. As he distinguishes three categories of translation below: 25 1. intralingual translation, or „rewording’: „an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language’; 2. interlingual translation, or „translation proper’: „an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language ’; 3. intersemiotic translation, or „transmutation’: „an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign system. Furthermore, Munday mentions in his book that there are two forms in translation, written and oral. The first is called translation, and the second known as interpretation, 26 and then he explains the term translation has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product the text that has been translated or the process the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating. 27 From those definitions on the first two paragraphs, it can be concluded that translation, indeed, involves two different languages, the SL and TL. Producing 24 Andy Bayu Nugroho and Johnny Prasetyo, op. cit., p. 4. 25 Jeremy Munday, Introducing Translations Studies London: Routledge, 2001, p. 4 26 Ibid., p. 5 27 Ibid., pp. 4-5 15 equivalence and delivering the meaning correctly are the main issue. Bassnet describes: what is generally understood as translation involves the rendering of a source language SL text into the target language TL so as to ensure that 1 the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and 2 the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted. 28 In other words, translation is rewriting, restating, changing, or transferring the text, the message, or the meaning from the SL to TL by attending what the SL writer intends. Moreover, as stated on the first chapter that translation is a communication act, therefore it must produce understanding. The Target Text TT readers must understand what the writer means; the message on the Source Text ST must be delivered correctly by using the equivalent or the closest words represent the SL in the TL, so the readable translation will be successfully created.

B. A Brief Overview about Translation and Culture

When translators do their job, they will be faced not only by two different languages, but also by two different cultural senses within. It is because, as stated in the previous chapter that translation has a relation with culture. They are strongly intertwined. Newmark in Hoed declares that sebuah teks sumber TSu dipengaruhi oleh sejumlah faktor, antara lain, faktor penulis pemroduksi TSu, norma yang berlaku dalam bahasa sumber BSu, kebudayaan yang melatari TSu, budaya tulis dan cetak TSu, dan hal yang dibicarakan dalam TSu 29 a SL is influenced by some factors as follows: the author the Source Text ST producer, norms in the SL, background culture in the ST, writing and printing format of ST, and the topictheme discussed in the ST. 28 Susan Bassnet, Translation Studies New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 12 29 Benny Hoedoro Hoed, op.cit., p. 79