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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Definition of Translation
Various statements have been made by the experts to define what translation is. It can be seen
in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary that translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into
another language.
20
Besides, Catford states translation as replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language.
21
In brief, translation means that stating something, either in written text or spoken
material, from one language into another by considering the equivalence of the languages.
Another translation expert, Newmark, postulates that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author
intended the text.
22
In line with Newmark, Larson emphasizes on the meaning, as stated here that translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into
the receptor language.
23
Meanwhile, according to Nida and Taber “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of
the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of
20
A.S. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English New York:
Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 752.
21
J.C. Catford, A Lingustic Theory on Translation London: Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 20.
22
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation New York: Prentice Hall, 1988, p. 5.
23
Mildred L. Larson, Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence Lanham: University Press of America, 1984, p. 3
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style”.
24
Summarizing the definitions, it can be said that Newmark, Larson, and Nida and Taber agree that translation is about meaning; it is rendering the
meaning, transferring the meaning, or reproducing the closest natural of the SL message in terms of meaning and also the style. When the readers of the TT
understand what the author of the SL intends in the ST, it means the translation is readable. This is an essential thing in translation.
According to Jakobson, definitions about translation above correspond to
„interlingual translation’, for it involves different languages „some other
language’; the source and target language. As he distinguishes three categories of translation below:
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1.
intralingual translation, or „rewording’: „an interpretation of verbal
signs by means of other signs of the same language’; 2.
interlingual translation, or „translation proper’: „an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language
’; 3.
intersemiotic translation, or „transmutation’: „an interpretation of
verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign system. Furthermore, Munday mentions in his book that there are two forms in translation,
written and oral. The first is called translation, and the second known as interpretation,
26
and then he explains the term translation has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product the text that has been translated
or the process the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating.
27
From those definitions on the first two paragraphs, it can be concluded that translation, indeed, involves two different languages, the SL and TL. Producing
24
Andy Bayu Nugroho and Johnny Prasetyo, op. cit., p. 4.
25
Jeremy Munday, Introducing Translations Studies London: Routledge, 2001, p. 4
26
Ibid., p. 5
27
Ibid., pp. 4-5
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