Review of Literal Meaning Theory Review of Music in 1837

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2.2 Review of Literal Meaning Theory

In order to see literal meaning of a poem, the writer makes use of grammatical rules, structure and it is completed by definitions from the dictionary. It is all according to Barry 2009, literal meaning analyses the very roots of language and it reflects grammar and sentence structure p. 205. Moreover, literal meaning is defined by Audi 1999, ―literal meaning is the non-figurative, strict meaning an expression or sentence has in language by virtue of the dictionary meaning of its words and the impor t of its syntactic construction‖ p. 545. In details, some experts provide explanation on how significant textual description in a text is. As it is suggested by Traugott and Pratt 1980, literal analysis can give us a point of view, a basic way of looking a text that will help us develop a consistent analysis. In addition, literal analysis can be the foundation for further analysis, by recognize the systematic regularities in the language of a text p. 20. Nevertheless, there is some distinction between analyzing text and language. Since texts are the primary data for all literary criticism, it is just needed to be generalized. It is all due to the main goal of most literary criticism which points out on seeing the deeper meaning of text. Based on Traugott and Pratt 1980, ―Generalization about text‘s semantic structure resembles those that constitute the grammar of a language ‖ p. 24. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 15

2.3 Review of Music in 1837

Marx has his own view on seeing art. According to Kurniawan 2002, ―The thinking of Karl Marx can be concluded that art must serve the revolution and the needs of the people. Art presents to revolt against the domination ‖ p. xvi. Classicism is the periods of the early 18 th century to the late 18 th century. According to Miller 1960, ―During classical periods, a new type of melody is developed. It has an individual and compact character, and it is often folk-like in its clarity and simplicity ‖ p. 114. One of the folk music instruments is fiddle. Fiddle is another name of violin. Both fiddle and violin is classified into a bow-string music instrument. They have the same basic instrument. However, technique of playing fiddle and violin is different, along with its purpose to the hearer. The most prominent distinction is that fiddle is played in folk music, while violin is played in classical music. Hence, the goal of playing each is also different. It is stated in websites Peter Zaret Sons Violins that ―the goal of violin playing is beauty, power and mystery. For fiddling, the dominant esthetic is rhythmic energy and mystery. The goal of fiddling is dance- ability.‖ The etymological meaning of fiddle remains uncertain. However, it is explained by Tudorancea 2010, ―Fiddle is natively Germanic. A native Germanic ancestor of fiddle may even be the ancestor of the early Romance form of violin.‖ PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 16 Discussing further in the physical characteristic of fiddle, the writer finds that the fiddle is unique and rich of philosophical value. It is illustrated with the strings of fiddle which has no frets or dividing part among the position of tone. Unlike guitar, piano, flute, harmonica or any other musical melody instrument in which the tone are vividly separated, fiddle similar with violin has no physical separator. On the consequence, it is stated in the writing About the Violin, Belknap 2011, ―the player must achieve the correct position from skill alone, or else the instrument will sound out of tune. Violin players practice long hours partly to train their fingers to land in the right places as it is played.‖

2.4 Biographical Theory